Chapter 1: Intro to the Chemistry of Life Flashcards
List a couple of elements that can be found in the human body
Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Calcium, Magnesium
Hydrogen and Oxygen most prevalent
difference between plant cell and human cell
plant has cell wall, chloroplasts
first law of thermodynamics?
The First Law of Thermodynamics States That Energy Is Conserved
Second law of thermodynamics
The Second Law of Thermodynamics States That Entropy Tends to Increase
Functional groups purpose
they ultimately determine the biological activity and traits of the biomolecules
compare a condensation reaction and hydrolysis
the elects of water are lost in condensation and hydrolysis is the reverse process, water is added
what evolved from simple molecules
complex self-replicating systems
Explain why complementarity would have been necessary for the development of self-replicating molecules.
It took randomly assembling molecules through complementarity to make more complex molecules and those that were more organized and able to self-replicate accurately were favored in natural selection.
Summarize the major stages of chemical evolution.
formation of organic molecules, Complex Self-Replicating Systems Evolved from Simple Molecules
difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Eukaryotes have nucleus, multicellular, more complex,
Prokaryotes are bacteria, unicellular, bigger population, has cytoplasm, cell wall
what is the nucleus
the information center of the cell
what is the mitochondria
the primary site of atp generation in eukaryotic cells
what is endoplasmic reticulum
Sort protein and exchange materials two types : smooth (no ribosomes has other functions) and rough (has ribosomes and protein processes )
what is Golgi complex
stacked membranes that sort proteins
what are the three evolutionary domains of organisms
eubacteria, archaea, and eukaryote
in a closed system the Total energy remains
constant
how do you know when Energy is spontaneous
if delta G is less than 0 it is spontaneous or exergenic
if delta G is greater than 0 it is not spontaneous or endergonic
what if delta G= 0
it is at equilibrium, there is no net charge
equilibrium constant =
Keq
entropy =
S
Degree of disorderedness
ENTHALPY =
H
most important Gibbs free equation?
delta g= delta h-t times delta s
temperature
=t in kelvin
1 kj equals how many joules
1000
how to convert to kelvin
add 273
the more exergonic will the equilibrium be larger or smaller
large
enzymes do what to the reaction rate
accelerate it
do enzymes alter the delta g of a reaction?
no
Living Things Maintain what kind of Equilibrium Steady State.
Non-Equilibrium steady state, system maintains homeostasis
living organisms are what kind of systems
open
enzymes facilitate what
the format of the transition state, and decrease activation energy
what is natural selection
the competitive process by which reproductive preference is given to the better adapted, would have favored molecules that made more accurate copies of themselves.
what characterizes different types of biomolecules?
functional groups and linkages
during chemical evolution?
simple compounds condensed to form more complex molecules and polymers
