Chapter 1: Intro To AP1 Flashcards
What is the study of life?
Biology
What are the characteristics of life?
Responsiveness Adaptability Growth & reproduction Movement Respiration Circulation Digestion Excretion
What is the study of cells?
Cytology
What is the study of tissue?
Histology
What is the study of function?
Physiology
What is the study of the form of living things?
Anatomy
The study of how cells fight off and defend against disease
Immunology
The study of the function of the kidney in the production of urine?
Renal physiology
Examines the operation of the heart and blood vessels
Cardiovascular physiology
The study of individual cells as they live out all activities that characterize the larger organism
Cell physiology
What are the 5 levels of organization?
Chemical level Cellular level Tissue level Organ level Organ system level
What are the 11 organ systems?
Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Respiratory Nervous Circulatory Lymphatic/ Immune Endocrine Urinary Digestive Reproductive
Composed of skin, hair, and nails; external support and protection of the body and temperature regulation.
Integumentary system
Composed of bones; internal support and flexible framework for body movement, forms blood cells, and stores minerals.
Skeletal system
Composed of muscles attached to the skeleton.
Muscular system
Locomotion, support, and body heat production.
Muscular system
Composed of the lungs, trachea, larynx, and nasal passages
Respiratory system
Exchange of respiratory gasses, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide, between the air and circulating blood
Respiratory system
Composed of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves
Nervous system
Directs immediate response to stimuli, usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems.
Nervous system
Composed of heart and blood vessels
Circulatory system
Internal transport of nutrients and oxygen to body cells while wastes and carbon dioxide are transported away from blood cells.
Circulatory system
Composed of the lymph nodes, spleen, thymus gland, bone marrow, and tonsils
Lymphatic/ Immune system
Houses the immune system cells of the body , provides protection against infection and disease, transports tissue fluid (lymph) and absorbs fats.
Lymphatic/ Immune system
Composed of hormone secreting glands such as the thyroid, pituitary, adrenal gland, pancreas, pineal, etc.
Endocrine system
Secretion of hormones that direct long-term changes in the activities of the other organ systems
Endocrine system
Composed of kidneys , uterus, urinary bladder, and urethra
Urinary system
Filters the blood to remove nitrogenous wastes , eliminates excess water , salts, and waste products, and controls pH and electrolyte balance.
Urinary system
Composed of salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, liver, and gallbladder
Digestive system
Intake, breakdown, and absorption of food in order to acquire nutrients, minerals, vitamins, and water and elementary feces.
Digestive system.
Composed of ovaries, uterus, vagina, and mammary glands in females and the testes , scrotum, prostate glands, seminal vesicles and penis in the male
Reproductive system
Production of sperm and egg as well as secretion of sex hormones and copulation.
Reproductive system
The state of equilibrium or balance
Homeostasis
Three components involved in homeostatic regulation
Receptor
Control center
Effector
Detects changes in either the internal or external environment, or stimulus
Receptor
Receives and processes the information supplied by the receptor and sends out commands
Control center
Responds to the commands by opposing the stimulus
Effector
Provides stability
Shuts off or reduces the original stimulus
Helps to stabilize situation; essential for maintaining homeostasis
Negative feedback mechanism
Accelerate a process to completion
Intensify or enhance of original stimuli
Amplify and reinforce a change brought on by the stimulus; not typically used for homeostasis
Positive feedback mechanisms
Arter-
Artery
A-
Without
Aer-
Air
-algia
Pain
Artho-
Joint
Auto-
Self
Bio-
Life
-blast
Germ; immature
Bronch-
Windpipe; airway
Cardi-, cardio-, -cardia
Heart
Cerebr-
Brain
Cervic-
Neck
Chondro-
Cartilage
Cranio-
Skull
Cyt-, cyto-
A hollow cell
Derm-
Skin
-ectomy
Excision
End-, endo-
Within
Epi-
On
Ex-
Out of, away from
Gastro-
Stomach
Hemo-
Blood
Histo-
Tissue
Homo-
Same
Hetero-
Different
Hyper-
Above; more than
Hypo-
Under; less than
Inter-
Between
Iso-
Equal
Leuk-, lueko-
White
Lyso-, -lysis, -lyze
To burst; to loosen
Meso-
Middle
Micr-
Small
Morph-, morpho-
Form or shape
Myo-
Muscle
Nephr-
Kidney
Neur-, neuri-, neuro-
Nerve
-ology
The study of
-osis
State
Ost-, oste-, osteo-
Bone
Oto-
Ear
Path-, -pathy, patho-
Disease
Peri-
Around
Phago-
To eat
-phil, -philia
Love
-phot, photo-
Light
Physio-
Nature
Pre-
Before
Pulmo-
Lung
Retro-
Backward
Sacro-
Flesh
Scler-, sclera-
Hard
-scope
To view
Sub-
Below
Super-
Above
-trophy
Nourishment
Vas-
Vessel
Anterior torso below diaphragm
Abdominal
Acromial
Point of shoulder
Antebrachial
Forearm
Antecubital
Front of elbow
Axillary
Armpit
Brachial
Arm
Buccal
Cheek
Calcaneal
Heel
Carpal
Wrist
Cephalic
Head
Cervical
Neck
Costal
Rib
Coxal
Hip
Cranial
Skull
Crural
Leg
Cubital or Olecranal
Back of elbow
Cutaneous
Skin
Digital
Fingers or toes
Dorsum or Dorsal
Back
Epigastric
Upper middle area of abdomen
Facial
Face
Femoral
Thigh
Fibular
Side of leg
Gluteal
Buttock
Hallux
Great toe
Inguinal
Groin
Lumbar or loin
Lower back
Mammary
Breast
Manus
Hand
Mastoid
Below and behind ear
Mental
Chin
Nasal
Nose
Occipital
Back of lower skull
Olecranal
Back of elbow
Oral
Mouth
Orbital or ocular
Eye
Otic or auris
Ear
Palmar
Palm of hand
Patellar
Knee cap
Pectoral
Chest
Pedal or Pes
Foot
Pelvis
Lower torso
Perineal
Area between anus and genital
Phalangeal
Fingers or toes
Plantar
Sole of foot
Pollex
Thumb
Popliteal
Behind knee
Pubis
Pubic region
Sacral
Between hips
Scapular
Shoulder blade
Sternal
Breastbone
Sural
Calf
Supraclavicular
Above collar bone
Tarsal
Ankle
Temporal
Side of skull
Thoracic
Chest
Umbilical
Area around umbilicus
Vertebral
Spinal column
Volar
Palm or sole
Which quadrant contains liver?
Right upper quadrant
Which quadrant contains the stomach and spleen
Left upper quadrant
Which quadrant contains descending colon
Left lower quadrant
Which quadrant contains the cecum and ascending colon
Right lower quadrant
Centermost region deep to and surrounding the navel
Umbilical
Superior to the umbilical region
Epigastric
Located inferior to the umbilical region
Hypogastric
Flanks the epigastric region laterally
Right and left hypochondriac
Lies lateral to the umbilical region
Right and left lumbar
Lateral to the hypogastric region
Right and left iliac (inguinal)
Above; toward the head end or upper part of the structure or body
Superior (cranial)
Below; away from the head end or toward the lower part of the structure or body
Inferior (caudal)
Toward or at the front of the body
Anterior (ventral)
Toward or at the back of the body
Posterior (dorsal)
Toward or at the longitudinal axis of the body
Lateral
Between a more medial and a more lateral structure
Intermediate
Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Proximal
Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment
Distal
Toward or at the body surface
Superficial (external)
Away from the body surface; more internal
Deep (internal)
A vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts
Sagittal
The plane dividing the body exactly in the midline
Midsagittal (median)
All other sagittal planes offset from the midline
Parasagittal
Any plane dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions
Frontal (coronal)
A plane dividing the body into superior and inferior positions
Transverse (horizontal)
Cuts made diagonally between the horizontal and vertical planes
Oblique
Dorsal body cavity is composed of what 2 smaller cavities?
Cranial cavity
Vertebral cavity
Houses internal organs of the body collectively called the viscera or “guts”.
Ventral body cavity (coelom)
The ventral body cavity is divided into what two smaller cavities?
Thoracic cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity
Viscera
Guts
Right and left; contains the lungs
Pleural cavity
Space between the pleural cavities; containing the thymus, lymph vessels, esophagus, trachea, and nerves.
Mediastinum
Embedded within the mediastinum & Houses the heart
Pericardial cavity
2 parts of the Thoracic cavity?
Pleural cavity
Mediastinum
2 parts of the abdominopelvic cavity?
Abdominal cavity
Pelvic cavity
Contains digestive organs
Abdominal cavity
Contains bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum
Pelvic cavity
Secrete a watery, lubricating fluid that line the dorsal and ventral body cavities
Serous membranes
Line the dorsal body cavity
Meninges
Line he pleural cavity
Pleura
Lines the pericardial cavity
Pericardium
Line the abdominal cavity
Peritoneum
The passage of air into the respiratory tract
Nasal cavity
Area of the skull that houses the eye
Orbital cavity
Contains the ossicles
Middle ear cavity
Are joint cavities filled with synovial fluid
Synovial cavity
The presence of a stable internal environment
Homeostasis
