Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Kin 100 Anatomy > Chapter: 1 - Intro, 5, 8, 9 > Flashcards

Chapter: 1 - Intro, 5, 8, 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the levels of organization?

A

Atoms→molecules→ cells→tissues→organs→ organ systems→ organisms→population of species→ecosystem of different species →biosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How many organ systems does a human have?

A

11

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is cytology?

A

Study of the cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How many cells does an adult have?

A

60 - 100 trillion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is histology?

A

Study of tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the four families of tissues?

A

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the two skeletal systems?

A

Axial and appendicular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What organs/ components is the skeletal system made of?

A

Bones, cartilages, and joints & bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the primary functions of bones, cartilages, and joints?

A

Support, protect, soft tissues; bones store minerals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the primary function of bone marrow?

A

Site of blood cell production (red marrow); storage of energy reserves in fat cells (yellow marrow)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What organs/ components make up the muscular system?

A

Skeletal muscles & tendons, aponeuroses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the primary functions of skeletal muscles?

A

Provide skeletal movement control entrances to digestive and respiratory tracts and exits of digestive and urinary tracts; produce heat; support skeleton; protect soft tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the primary function of tendons and aponeuroses?

A

Harness forces of contraction to perform specific tasks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the organ/ components to the nervous system?

A

CNS - Brain, spinal cord, special senses
& PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the primary function of the CNS?

A

Acts as A control center for the nervous system: processes information: provides short term control over activities of other systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the primary function of the brain?

A

Performs complex integrative functions: directs many simple involuntary activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the primary function the of spinal cord?

A

Relays information to and from brain: performs less-complex integrative functions: directs many simple involuntary activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the primary function of special senses?

A

Provide sensory input to the brain relating to sight, hearing, smell, taste, and equilibrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the primary function of the peripheral nervous system?

A

Links CNS with other systems and with sense organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the organs/ components of the cardiovascular system?

A

Heart; Blood vessels: arteries, capillaries, and veins; blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the primary function of the heart?

A

Propels blood and maintains blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the primary function of blood vessels?

A

Distribute blood around the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the primary function of arteries?

A

Carry blood from heart to capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the primary function of veins?

A

Return blood from capillaries to the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the primary function of blood?

A

Transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, and blood cells; delivers nutrients and hormones; removes waste products; assists in temperature regulation and defence against disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What organs/ components make up the respiratory system?

A

Nasal cavaties, paranasal sinuses; pharynx; larynx; trachea; bronchi; lungs, alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the primary function of nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses?

A

Filter, warm, humidify air, and detect smells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the primary function of pharynx?

A

Conducts air to larynx; a chamber shared with the digestive tract.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the primary functions of the larynx?

A

Protects opening to trachea and contains vocal cords.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the primary functions of the trachea?

A

Filters air; traps particles in mucus; cartilages keep airway open

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the primary function of the bronchi?

A

Same functions as the trachea - through volume changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the primary function of the lungs?

A

Responsible for air movement during movements of ribs and diaphragm; include airways and alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the primary function of the alveoli?

A

Acts as site of gas exchange between air and blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Does every human have the same amount of bones?

A

No - Human variation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is anatomical position?

A

Standing upright , arms at sides, palms facing forwards (little fingers by the thigh), feet flat on the floor, face straight ahead

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is supine?

A

Lying down with the face up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is prone?

A

Lying down with the face down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

How do refer to the right or left of the body?

A

Talk about subjects right or left

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What direction is cranial?

A

Towards the head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What direction is posterior or dorsal?

A

Towards the back

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What direction is anterior or ventral?

A

Towards the front

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What direction is caudal?

A

Towards the feet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What do you use cranial and caudal?

A

When referencing to the truck/ body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What direction is superior used for?

A

Towards the top - Generally above

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What direction is inferior used for?

A

Towards the bottom - Generally below

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

How do we reference something inside the body?

A

Deeper

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

How do reference something near the surface of the body?

A

Superficial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What direction does medial refer to?

A

Towards the midline of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What direction does lateral refer to?

A

Towards the side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What does proximal refer to?

A

Closer to the truck of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What does distal refer to?

A

Away from trunk of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What are the three planes of the body?

A

Frontal or coronal plane; sagittal plane; and transverse, horizontal, or cross-sectional plane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

How is the frontal/ coronal plane split?

A

Separates the body into posterior and anterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

How is the sagittal plane split?

A

Separates the body into right and left portions. Divides the body side to side.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What is the mid-sagittal plane?

A

Divides the body exactly down the middle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

How is the transverse plane split?

A

Separates the body up and down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What plane does lots of rotation occur in?

A

Transverse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

How are planes and axises related:

A

They are perpendicular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What axis goes with the frontal plane?

A

Sagittal axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What axis goes with the transverse plane?

A

Vertical axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What axis goes with the sagittal plane?

A

Frontal axis

62
Q

What are the 7 classifications of bones?

A
  1. Sutural Bones
  2. Irregular Bones
  3. Short Bones
  4. Pneumatized Bones
  5. Flat Bones
  6. Long Bones
  7. Sesamoid Bones
63
Q

What makes up the axial skeleton?

A

Skull, Vertebrae, rib cage, hyoid, and auditory ossicles - 80 bones

64
Q

What makes up the appendicular skeleton?

A

Pectoral girdle, upper extremity, pelvic girdle, and lower extremity - 126 bones

65
Q

What connects the axial and appendicular skeleton?

A

Girdle

66
Q

What are elevations and projections?

A

Processes and ramus

67
Q

What are processes?

A

Any projection or bump

68
Q

What is a ramus?

A

An extension of a bone making an angle to the rest of the structure

69
Q

What are examples of openings?

A

Sinus or antrum; meatus or canal; fissure; foramen

70
Q

What is a sinus or antrum?

A

A chamber within a bone, normally filled with air

71
Q

What is a meatus or canal?

A

A passageway through the substance of a bone

72
Q

What is a fissure?

A

An elongated cleft

73
Q

What is a foramen?

A

A rounded passageway for blood vessels and/ or nerves

74
Q

What are joints?

A

Joints are where bones come together - joints do not always allow movements

75
Q

What is another term for joints?

A

Articulations

76
Q

What usually holds a joint together

A

cartilage, fluid, and dense connective tissues

77
Q

What types of joints does the axial skeleton tend to have?

A

Immoveable or slightly moveable joints

78
Q

What types of joints does the appendicular Skelton tend to have?

A

Freely moveable joints

79
Q

What type of joints are synarthroses?

A

Immoveable/ no movement joints

80
Q

Types of synarthroses joints?

A

Fibrous, cartilaginous, and bony fusion

81
Q

Types of fibrous joints?

A

Sutures and gomphosis

82
Q

What are suture joints?

A

Joints are found only in the skull.

83
Q

How do sutures work?

A

Bony edges interlock and short dense connective tissue fiber hold the bones together.

84
Q

What are gomphosis joints?

A

The joint between a tooth and the alveolar fossa of the maxillae or mandible.

85
Q

How do gomphosis joints work?

A

Periodontal ligaments hold the tooth to the bone in the gomphosis

86
Q

What are cartilaginous joints?

A

A synchondrosis is a joint in which hyaline cartilage separates the ends of the bones involved in the joint.

87
Q

Examples of cartilaginous joints

A

Ribs

88
Q

What are bony fusion joints?

A

A synostosis occurs if bones fuse together to form one bone.

89
Q

Examples of bony fusion joints?

A

Infants have more bones than adults. Bones can fuse into one.

90
Q

What type of joints are amphiarthroses?

A

Slightly movable joints

91
Q

What are amphiarthroses joints?

A
  • A syndesmosis occurs when two bones are connected by relatively long connective tissue ligaments.
  • Connecting bones using a fibrocartilage pad forms a symphysis: aka a type of cartilaginous joint
92
Q

Example of amphiarthrose joint

A

Spine

93
Q

What type of joints are diarthroses?

A

Freely movable joints

94
Q

What are diarthroses joints?

A

Synovial joints are typically found at the ends of long bones in the upper and lower limbs.

95
Q

What are the 6 basic characteristics of the synovial joints?

A
  • Joint capsule
  • Articular cartilages
  • Joint cavity filled with synovial fluid
  • Synovial membrane lining the joint capsule
  • Accessory structures
  • Sensory nerves and blood vessels
96
Q

Synovial joints: Associated features

A

Bursae and tendon sheath (other associated features: ligaments, cartilage, fat)

97
Q

What is a bursae?

A
  • Sacs of synovial fluid which act as cushions
  • usually found between muscles or where tendon crosses bone
98
Q

What is a tendon sheath?

A
  • modified bursae surrounds and lubricates tendons
99
Q

What does itis mean?

A

inflammation

100
Q

What is arthritis?

A

Cartilage is damaged –> hard sponge is damaged. Sponge releases and absorbs fluid.

101
Q

What are the three functions of synovial fluid?

A
  • Lubricates (the surfaces of the articular cartilages on the ends of the bones)
  • Nourishes the chondrocytes (by entering and exiting the articular cartilages due to the forces acting on the joint)
  • Act as a shock absorber
102
Q

Movements of hinge joints

A

Uniaxial flexion and extension

102
Q

Movements of plane joints

A

Non axial or multi axial

103
Q

Movements of pivot joints

A

Uniaxial rotational movements

104
Q

Movements of condylar joint

A

Biaxial flexion/ extension and abduction/ adduction

105
Q

Movements of saddle joints

A

Biaxial joints that also allow circumduction

106
Q

Movements of ball and socket joints

A

Triaxial joints

107
Q

Movements of plane synovial joints

A
  • Allow side to side and back and forth movement
  • Simplest type of joint movement
  • Surfaces nearly flat or slightly concave/ convex
108
Q

Movements of hinge synovial joints

A
  • Movement in one plane
  • Convex surface fits into concavity of articulating bone
  • Most common type of joint
109
Q

Why can’t all joints have a full range of motion?

A

Stability

110
Q

Movements of pivot synovial joints

A
  • Rotation about a central axis
  • Rounded bone fits in depression of another
  • Also found between radius and ulna
111
Q

Example of pivot joint

A

Neck

112
Q

Movements of a condyloid synovial joints

A
  • Biaxial movement
  • condylar head fits into concave depression
113
Q

What does oval joints allow?

A

Two planes of movement

114
Q

Do saddle joints allow for rotation?

A

No

115
Q

Movement of the ball and socket synovial joints

A
  • rounded surface and cupcake socket
  • multi-axial, provides greatest range of motion
  • Shoulder joint is another ball and socket joint
116
Q

More stable = ?

A

Less movement

117
Q

How can the hip and shoulder both be ball and socket joints yet the hip is more stable?

A

The socket covers more of the ball

118
Q

Are flexion and contraction the same?

A

No

119
Q

What plane does flexion go in?

A

Sagittal plane

120
Q

Examples of Angular movements

A
  • Extension and flexion
  • Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion
  • Abduction and adduction
121
Q

What do angular movements do?

A

Increase or decrease the joint angle

122
Q

What is hyperextension?

A

Past normal range of motion –> may cause injury

123
Q

What would you call bending the spine sideways?

A

Lateral flexion

124
Q

What plane does abduction usually move in (99% of the time)?

A

Frontal Plane

125
Q

Examples of circular movements?

A

Rotation and circumduction

126
Q

What do circular movements do?

A

Permitted in joints where a rounded or oval surface articulates with a depression on another bone

127
Q

How many planes are required to make a cone shape?

A

2

128
Q

Examples of special movements

A
  • Eversion and inversion
  • Protraction and retraction
  • Elevation and depression
129
Q

What do special movements do?

A

Applies to movements that do not comply with generalized movements around an axis

130
Q

What are skeletal muscles

A

Are contractile organs directly or indirectly attached to bones of the skeleton

131
Q

What functions do skeletal muscles perform?

A
  • Produce skeletal movement
  • Maintain posture and body position
  • Support soft tissues
  • Regulate entering and exiting of material
  • Maintain body temperature
132
Q

What are the categories of skeletal muscle fibres?

A

Parallel muscles, convergent muscles, pennate muscles, and circular muscles

133
Q

Parallel muscles

A
  • Most muscles are parallel: Cell contract and the entire muscle contracts
  • Only pull one way
  • Less cells to contract
134
Q

Subcategories of parallel muscles

A
  • Parallel muscles
  • Parallel muscles with tendinous bands/ rectus abdominis
  • Wrapping muscle
135
Q

Convergent muscles

A
  • Can pull in different directions
  • Cross section of the muscle is thin
  • Some movements can’t have whole muscles contract
136
Q

Pennate muscles

A
  • Little less efficient
  • designed more for strength
  • more cells can contract
  • striation is going on an angle
137
Q

Subcategories of pennate muscles

A
  • Unipennate muscle (ex: extensor digitorum)
  • Bipennate muscle (ex: rectus femoris)
  • Multipennate muscles (ex: deltoid)
138
Q

Examples of circular muscles

A

Talking, whistling, moving lips

139
Q

What is an origin?

A

Remains stationary

140
Q

What is an insertion?

A

Moves

141
Q

What is the location of the insertion and origin in reference to each other?

A
  • The origin is proximal to the insertion (most common)
  • Origin is more medial/ proximal
  • Insertion is more distal (the part that moves)
  • Insertion usually moves to origin
142
Q

Insertion and Origin: Broad aponeurosis to to a narrow tendon

A

Insertion: Tendon
Origin: Aponeurosis

143
Q

What does a tendon do?

A

Muscles to bones

144
Q

Insertion and origin: Several tendons at one end and only one at the other

A

Origin: Multiple
Insertion: Single

145
Q

The three types of muscle groups:

A
  • Prime movers (agonists)
  • Synergists
  • Antagonists
146
Q

What are prime movers (agonists)?

A

Are chiefly responsible for producing a particular movement

147
Q

What are synergists?

A

Assist the prime mover in performing that action

148
Q

What is a fixator?

A

A synergist stabilizes the origin of the agonist

149
Q

What is an antagonist?

A

Antagonists are muscles whose actions oppose that of the agonist

150
Q

If the agonist produces flexion, the ______ will produce extension

A

antagonist

151
Q

How are muscles named?

A
  • Specific body regions
  • Shape of the muscles
  • Orientation of muscle fibres
  • Specific or unusual features
  • Identification of origin and insertion
  • Primary functions
  • References to actions

Kin 100 Anatomy (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions