Chapter 1: Intro Flashcards
Define Anatomy and Physiology.
Anatomy: The study of body structures (FORM).
Physiology: The study of body functions (FUNCTIONS).
Outline the various levels of organization of the body.
- chemical: atoms
- cellular: molecules
- tissues: epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
- organs: composed of various tissues (stomach, heart, liver)
- systems: related organs that share a common function
- organism: a living being
List the main characteristics of living organisms.
- maintaining boundaries
- movement
- responsiveness
- digestion
- metabolism
- excretion
- reproduction
- growth
Explain what the term homeostasis means and how the concepts of negative and positive feedback apply to it. Include examples of negative and positive feedback.
Homeostasis: the maintenancce of relatively stable internal conditions despite continuous changes in an environment
Negative feedback: What your body does to correct itself to maintain equilibrium (sweating on a hot day)
Positive feedback: WHat your body does to distance itselve from equilibrium (shivering when feverish, further raising body temperature)
Describe the standard anatomical position.
Body upright, feet slightly apart, palms face forwards with thumbs pointing away from body.
Define and use the following terms in a sentence:
Anterior (ventral) / Posterior (dorsal)
Anterior: Towards the front of the body, in front of…
i.e. The breastbone is anterior to the spine.
Posterior: Towards the back of the body, behind…
i.e. The spine is posterior to the sternum.
Define and use the following terms in a sentence:
Proximal / Distal
Proximal: Closer to the point of origin/attachment
i.e. The elbow is proximal to the wrist.
Distal: Farther from the point of origin/attachment
i.e. The metacarpal is distal from the carpal.
Define and use the following terms in a sentence:
Superior (cranial) / Inferior (caudal)
Superior: Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body, above…
i.e. The head is superior to the abdomen.
Inferior: Away from the head end or upper part of a structure or body, below…
i.e. The thigh is inferior to the breasts.
Define and use the following terms in a sentence:
Medial / Lateral / Intermediate
Define and use the following terms in a sentence:
Superficial (external) / Deep (internal)
Superficial: Towards or at the body surface
i.e. the skin is superficial to the skeletal muscles.
Deep: Away from the body surface, more internal
i.e. The lungs are deep to the skin.
Name and describe the planes of the body.
- Frontal (coronal): Divides the body into a front and back part
- Median (sagittal): Cut is made directly through the midline
- Transverse: Divides the body into an upper and lower half.
What muscle seperates the thoracic from the abdominal cavity?
The diaphram
What do the pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities refer to?
Pleural cavity: Surrounds the lungs.
Pericardial cavity: Surrounds the heart
Peritoneal cavity: Encloses most of the abdominal organs, such as the stomach, intestines, and liver
What is the mediastinum?
The central compartment of the thoracic cavity, located between the two pleural cavities that house the lungs.
What are serous membranes? What do they line/surround? What are their layers?
Serous membranes are thin, double-layered tissues that line body cavities and cover organs to reduce friction and allow smooth movement. These membranes secrete a lubricating fluid called serous fluid.
What They Line/Surround:
Pleura: Surrounds the lungs in the pleural cavity.
Pericardium: Surrounds the heart in the pericardial cavity.
Peritoneum: Lines the abdominal cavity and covers the abdominal organs.
Layers of Serous Membranes:
Parietal layer: Lines the walls of the cavity.
Visceral layer: Covers the surface of the organs within the cavity.
