Chapter 1- History and Modern Psychotherapy Flashcards
What are the foundations of Psychotherapy
Brains are the seed of knowledge, everything is rooted in the brain
Prechristian retreats centers, tribal ceremonies, religious healing
Hellenistic Physicians (Hippocrates)
What did Hippocrates believe?
Likely a biological or organic basis for human thoughts/emotions
What did Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz believe?
Interested in thinking about what does it mean to have consciousness
What are perceptions? How do we take in and perceive the world?
Particularly interested in the subliminal
Motivations that drive us to act/think in different ways we aren;t necessarily aware of
What is the subliminal?
Idea that we can perceive something, but not necessarily be aware that we perceived it
What did Franz Anton Mesmer believe?
Hypnotherapy etc.
Importance of therapist and patient trust, congeniality, general positive rapport with one another (nonspecific factors)
Nonspecific factors
thing that happens in the psychotherapy room that aren’t specific to that type of therapy but is the backbone of any kind of therapeutic reliance
The therapy room will be influenced by the therapist characteristics or qualities
Mesmer
Person seeking therapy will respond differently depending on who the therapist is - what qualities and attributes does that person bring into the room?
Patients must have confidence in their treatment
Mesmer
Example- placebo effect- expectancy an effect will take place due to some level of prior conditioning that can activate changes in the body and mind that influence that effect
Example 2- Nocebo effect- people experience negative side effects/have no benefits with no organic cause - if they believe the treatment won’t work, it doesn’t
How to negate nocebo effect- show research about how the therapy actually works
Spontaneous remission
Mesmer
Many people who seek treatment may spontaneously have an issue that spontaneously get better on its own
Some psychiatric disorders happen over time and will fluctuate
Did they get better due to the therapy, or due to spontaneous remission (NOT due to the therapy)
This concept shapes gold standard research
Natural Science Empiricists
Fechner and Herman von Helmholtz
Kraepelin
Empiricists
Fechner and Herman von Helmholtz
Bringing unconscious into conscious awareness
Kraepelin
- Classification- How to take bench science treatment and apply it bedside
- Barriers to getting information from the labs to the practitioners to the community
- Importance of diagnoses- helping others based on classifications of what’s wrong and who you’re trying to help based on their natural time course
- Led to the creation of the DSM
Empiricism
knowledge is based on manipulating things in the lab and observing their effects
Conducting experiments to test the experiences and conducting observations that will give knowledge about the general mind
Psychologist-Philosophers
People interested in subconscious
Arthur Shopenhauer
Carus
Neitzche
Arthur Shopenhauer
The World as Will and Representation
“We know things that we don’t even realize we know”
We can perceive things without awareness idea
Driven by blind and irrational forces and we aren’t aware of why we do the things that we do
Carus
Role of the unconscious in communication
The possibility that the unconsciousness’ are speaking to each other
Transference and countertransference- we can unconsciously transfer our expectations and beliefs onto another person
Neitzche
We lie to ourselves more than we lie to others
Sublimation and repression are there to deceive us to keep info in the subconscious so we can lie to ourselves
Clinician Researchers
Emergence of Analytic Psychotherapy
Extensive use of case studies
Clinician researchers give way to the Modern Day Science Practitioner (boulder model)
Boulder Model
Model of education and practice for clinicians
Scientists who conduct research can step into a clinic and provide treatments - science they are conducting is performed by the practice that they do
Can generate the most relevant research questions that can directly impact their practice (to find best techniques to help others)
Practice informing science and vice versa (how most are trained today)
Impacts of Biological Sciences
Nature vs. Nurture
Question today- how do they interact
Important- idea of plasticity
Brain is molded and shaped
Epigenetics
Epigenetics
born with all your genes, but not all are being expressed
Sometimes environmental triggers will influence gene expression and turn them on or off which will impact the function of the body
Cultural Factors
Demographics, culture, language shape experience
Stigma
The influence we had in the development of our field was driven by white, European men who had a specific way of thinking
Heavily rooted in whiteness, european/american tradition, affluence (treating and working with this demographic as well), etc.
Evidence-based treatment
What works, why it works and for whom it works
Not a one-size-fits-all approach
Psychiatric Disorder
Cluster of symptoms that occur together at a high enough rate that the symptoms are interfering at a high enough rate to impact daiy functioning and cause distress
We all have varyinglevels of symptoms all the time because they exist on a continuum and there is a level of experience that they will be present in all individuals at some time in their life
Psychomotor agitation vs. psychomotor retardation
Two people with the same diagnosis won’t necessarily have the same experience
Psychoatric Diagnosis
ICD-10 for billing
The gold standard is the DSM
DSM
Book was written by many people that may be biased in multiple ways
Language creates reality and allows us to have a shared reality as well
evolving document
Some revisions are in response to activism and cultural shifts happening around the people writing the DSM
Evelyn Hooker
1956
Landmark study- studied people under extreme duress under poor conditions and asked if their mental health was better or worse than others living their lives
False information
John Freyer
1972
Spoke under disguise at APA convention so that his voice could be heard and people would actually take into account his opinion
Sexual Orientation Disturbance
1973
Reclassification of homosexuality
go-dystonic homosexuality
Doesn’t sit right with you/perception of yourself
DSM-III
“Sexual Disorder not otherwise specified”
Completely removed and changed with sexual disorder not otherwise specified
Race
Way of referring to lineage that could justify colonization and oppression
Colonialism
Great Chain of Being
Great Chain of Being
Take different living organisms and classify them into a hierarchy
Combined with idea of national character and definitions of race
Slavery, colonialism, and considering some people to be lesser than others
Human invention that was money and power driven
Racism in Early Psychology
Problematization (Problem with a group of people and we should study/treat them)
Enforces ingroup/outgroup statistic
eugenics (pseudoscience to control production through institutionalization, sterilization, and to ensure only the superior populations were reproducing)
Drapetomania
Runaway slave disorder
The urge a slave has to run away
Treatment- physical violence
Dysathesia Atiopica
Disorder of poor work ethic
Usd to justify forced labor
Treant- forcing people to work
Institutionalization
Used after emancipation to keep slaves in captivity
first segregated institutions post-emancipation
Jim Crow
Black patients are forced into labor
just as mental disorders were used to maintain slavery
Racism in Modern Psychotherapy
Psychiatric diagnoses used to combat the civil rights movement
Cry for individuals to close the institutions because people were living in poor conditions
Criminalization of mental health in America
Disproportionately use incarceration as a form of maintaining control of participants who are black/AA
Doll Study
Brown v. Board of Edu
Young children internalize racist beliefs in the early ages
Children consistently identified a white doll as the “good” doll
Current Research
Ongoing research seeking to help better understand and dismantle the impacts of racism and help individuals subject to racism
