Chapter 1- History and Modern Psychotherapy

Question 1

What are the foundations of Psychotherapy

Answer 1

Brains are the seed of knowledge, everything is rooted in the brain
Prechristian retreats centers, tribal ceremonies, religious healing
Hellenistic Physicians (Hippocrates)

Question 2

What did Hippocrates believe?

Answer 2

Likely a biological or organic basis for human thoughts/emotions

Question 3

What did Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz believe?

Answer 3

Interested in thinking about what does it mean to have consciousness
What are perceptions? How do we take in and perceive the world?
Particularly interested in the subliminal
Motivations that drive us to act/think in different ways we aren;t necessarily aware of

Question 4

What is the subliminal?

Answer 4

Idea that we can perceive something, but not necessarily be aware that we perceived it

Question 5

What did Franz Anton Mesmer believe?

Answer 5

Hypnotherapy etc.
Importance of therapist and patient trust, congeniality, general positive rapport with one another (nonspecific factors)

Question 6

Nonspecific factors

Answer 6

thing that happens in the psychotherapy room that aren’t specific to that type of therapy but is the backbone of any kind of therapeutic reliance

Question 7

The therapy room will be influenced by the therapist characteristics or qualities

Answer 7

Mesmer
Person seeking therapy will respond differently depending on who the therapist is - what qualities and attributes does that person bring into the room?

Question 8

Patients must have confidence in their treatment

Answer 8

Mesmer
Example- placebo effect- expectancy an effect will take place due to some level of prior conditioning that can activate changes in the body and mind that influence that effect
Example 2- Nocebo effect- people experience negative side effects/have no benefits with no organic cause - if they believe the treatment won’t work, it doesn’t
How to negate nocebo effect- show research about how the therapy actually works

Question 9

Spontaneous remission

Answer 9

Mesmer
Many people who seek treatment may spontaneously have an issue that spontaneously get better on its own
Some psychiatric disorders happen over time and will fluctuate
Did they get better due to the therapy, or due to spontaneous remission (NOT due to the therapy)
This concept shapes gold standard research

Question 10

Natural Science Empiricists

Answer 10

Fechner and Herman von Helmholtz
Kraepelin
Empiricists

Question 11

Fechner and Herman von Helmholtz

Answer 11

Bringing unconscious into conscious awareness

Question 12

Kraepelin

Answer 12

1. Classification- How to take bench science treatment and apply it bedside
2. Barriers to getting information from the labs to the practitioners to the community
3. Importance of diagnoses- helping others based on classifications of what’s wrong and who you’re trying to help based on their natural time course
4. Led to the creation of the DSM

Question 13

Empiricism

Answer 13

knowledge is based on manipulating things in the lab and observing their effects
Conducting experiments to test the experiences and conducting observations that will give knowledge about the general mind

Question 14

Psychologist-Philosophers

Answer 14

People interested in subconscious
Arthur Shopenhauer
Carus
Neitzche

Question 15

Arthur Shopenhauer

Answer 15

The World as Will and Representation
“We know things that we don’t even realize we know”
We can perceive things without awareness idea
Driven by blind and irrational forces and we aren’t aware of why we do the things that we do

Question 16

Carus

Answer 16

Role of the unconscious in communication
The possibility that the unconsciousness’ are speaking to each other
Transference and countertransference- we can unconsciously transfer our expectations and beliefs onto another person

Question 17

Neitzche

Answer 17

We lie to ourselves more than we lie to others
Sublimation and repression are there to deceive us to keep info in the subconscious so we can lie to ourselves

Question 18

Clinician Researchers

Answer 18

Emergence of Analytic Psychotherapy
Extensive use of case studies
Clinician researchers give way to the Modern Day Science Practitioner (boulder model)

Question 19

Boulder Model

Answer 19

Model of education and practice for clinicians
Scientists who conduct research can step into a clinic and provide treatments - science they are conducting is performed by the practice that they do
Can generate the most relevant research questions that can directly impact their practice (to find best techniques to help others)
Practice informing science and vice versa (how most are trained today)

Question 20

Impacts of Biological Sciences

Answer 20

Nature vs. Nurture
Question today- how do they interact
Important- idea of plasticity
Brain is molded and shaped
Epigenetics

Question 21

Epigenetics

Answer 21

born with all your genes, but not all are being expressed
Sometimes environmental triggers will influence gene expression and turn them on or off which will impact the function of the body

Question 22

Cultural Factors

Answer 22

Demographics, culture, language shape experience
Stigma
The influence we had in the development of our field was driven by white, European men who had a specific way of thinking
Heavily rooted in whiteness, european/american tradition, affluence (treating and working with this demographic as well), etc.

Question 23

Evidence-based treatment

Answer 23

What works, why it works and for whom it works
Not a one-size-fits-all approach

Question 24

Psychiatric Disorder

Answer 24

Cluster of symptoms that occur together at a high enough rate that the symptoms are interfering at a high enough rate to impact daiy functioning and cause distress
We all have varyinglevels of symptoms all the time because they exist on a continuum and there is a level of experience that they will be present in all individuals at some time in their life

Question 25

Psychomotor agitation vs. psychomotor retardation

Answer 25

Two people with the same diagnosis won’t necessarily have the same experience

Question 26

Psychoatric Diagnosis

Answer 26

ICD-10 for billing
The gold standard is the DSM

Question 27

DSM

Answer 27

Book was written by many people that may be biased in multiple ways
Language creates reality and allows us to have a shared reality as well
evolving document
Some revisions are in response to activism and cultural shifts happening around the people writing the DSM

Question 28

Evelyn Hooker

Answer 28

1956
Landmark study- studied people under extreme duress under poor conditions and asked if their mental health was better or worse than others living their lives
False information

Question 29

John Freyer

Answer 29

1972
Spoke under disguise at APA convention so that his voice could be heard and people would actually take into account his opinion

Question 30

Sexual Orientation Disturbance

Answer 30

1973
Reclassification of homosexuality

Question 31

go-dystonic homosexuality

Answer 31

Doesn’t sit right with you/perception of yourself
DSM-III

Question 32

“Sexual Disorder not otherwise specified”

Answer 32

Completely removed and changed with sexual disorder not otherwise specified

Question 33

Race

Answer 33

Way of referring to lineage that could justify colonization and oppression
Colonialism
Great Chain of Being

Question 34

Great Chain of Being

Answer 34

Take different living organisms and classify them into a hierarchy
Combined with idea of national character and definitions of race
Slavery, colonialism, and considering some people to be lesser than others
Human invention that was money and power driven

Question 35

Racism in Early Psychology

Answer 35

Problematization (Problem with a group of people and we should study/treat them)
Enforces ingroup/outgroup statistic
eugenics (pseudoscience to control production through institutionalization, sterilization, and to ensure only the superior populations were reproducing)

Question 36

Drapetomania

Answer 36

Runaway slave disorder
The urge a slave has to run away
Treatment- physical violence

Question 37

Dysathesia Atiopica

Answer 37

Disorder of poor work ethic
Usd to justify forced labor
Treant- forcing people to work

Question 38

Institutionalization

Answer 38

Used after emancipation to keep slaves in captivity
first segregated institutions post-emancipation
Jim Crow
Black patients are forced into labor
just as mental disorders were used to maintain slavery

Question 39

Racism in Modern Psychotherapy

Answer 39

Psychiatric diagnoses used to combat the civil rights movement
Cry for individuals to close the institutions because people were living in poor conditions
Criminalization of mental health in America
Disproportionately use incarceration as a form of maintaining control of participants who are black/AA

Question 40

Doll Study

Answer 40

Brown v. Board of Edu
Young children internalize racist beliefs in the early ages
Children consistently identified a white doll as the “good” doll

Question 41

Current Research

Answer 41

Ongoing research seeking to help better understand and dismantle the impacts of racism and help individuals subject to racism