Chapter 1: History and Approaches Flashcards
Psychology
The scientific study of behavior and mental processes
Goals of Psychology
Describe, explain, predict, and influence thoughts and behavior
Basic/Pure Science
pursuit of knowledge through scientific methods
Applied Science
Using scientific findings to accomplish practical goals
Psychologist
Has a phD and helps people with problems. Often conducts research and can work in several fields
Psychiatrist
Has an MD and can prescribe medication; Generally treats severe issues
Clinical Psychologist
Therapist; sees people with disorders and helps to decrease their symptoms
Counseling
Help with every-day problems like grief or divorce
Educational Psychologist
study how people learn
Human Factors Psychologist
Help companies to make products user friendly
Industrial/Organizational Psychologist
Help to make employees more productive and maximize team work
Gestalt Psychologist
Study perception. How a sensation becomes an organized thought
School Psychologist
test for learning abnormalities and how to help
Social Psychologist
Studies anything to do with multiple people, romance, teams etc
Sports Psychologist
Work with athletes (get over yips)
Developmental psychologist
how people change all the time and what causes this
Experimental Psychologist
Conducts experiments and test hypothesis
Socrates and Plato
Nature; Knowledge is innate
Rene Descartes
Dualism; separate mind controls body
Aristotle
Knowledge comes from experiences
John Locke
Tabula Rasa
Empiricism: Knowledge comes form experience so science should rely on observation and expirimentation
Structuralism
Founded by William Wundt; focused on introspection and the basic elements of the human experience
William Wundt
Founder of Structuralism; had first psychology lab in Leipzig, Germany.
Edward Titchner
William Wundt’s sudent
William James
Focused of function of the mind; Taught the first Psychology class at Harvard. Wrote the first Text book of Psychology (The principle of Psychology)
Functionalism
Founded by William James and focused on the function of the mind
Mary Whiton Calkins
James’s student who was refused her phD. First female president of APA.
Biological Perspective
Focuses on the brain, hormones, genes and neurotransmitters as a cause of things
Behavioral Perspective
Founded By John Watson, BF Skinner, and Ivan Pavlov.
Uses rewards, punishments, conditioning, environment and observational learning as reason.
Humanistic Perspective
Founded by Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
Believe Humans are unique, in self actualization, potential for growth and free will
Cognitive Perspective
Thoughts, mental processes, interpretation, problem solving
Sociocultural Perspective
Influences of Cultures, and situations; social norms and values; gender, socioeconomic status, etc.
Evolutionary Perspective
Founded by Darwin;
Natural selection; survival; reproduction;
Eclectic/Biopsychosocial
terms used to describe the new approach to psychology that encompasses more than one perspective
Positive Psychology
the scientific study of human happiness and well being
Founded by Marin Seligman
