Chapter 1- History Flashcards
Earliest known record of Apothecary?
Ancient Mesopotamia - Babylon
Age of Antiquity
5000 bc - 499 ad
Apothecary
latin for pharmacist
Compounding
producing, mixing, or preparing a drug by combining 2 or more ingredients.
how many drugs were on the Pen T-Sao?
365 drugs
who wrote the Pen T-Sao?
Chinese Emperor Shen Nung, testing them on himself.
What were the 2 classes of workers in ancient egypt and what did each do?
Echelons - gathers and preparers of drugs
Chiefs of fabrication - head of pharmacy
What is Egypts most valuable pharmaceutical document?
Papyrus Ebers
When was the Papyrus Ebers written?
1500 bc
What is the Papyrus Ebers?
A collection of 800 prescriptions that specifically mention 700 unique drugs.
How many drugs are recored on the Charaka Samhita?
more than 2,000 drugs
What is the Charaka Samhita?
India’s first record of pharmaceutical practices. dating back to 1000 bc
What was the first theraputic agent to have a trademark?
Terra Sigilata
Who was the father of botany?
Theophrastus, greek philosopher and natural scientist.
Who was known as the father of medicine?
Hippocrates, 3ird generation physician, philosopher, and professor
What did the one of his writings reject and what was it called?
Corpus Hippocraticum rejected the idea that illness was connected with demonic forces or mystical.
what was the theory of humors and who wrote it?
Hippocrates developed the idea of humors, individuals health was connected to the 4 bodily fluids. blood- joyful/happy phlegm- lethargic yellow bile- irritable dark or black bile- angry
how many writings did Hippocrates write that pertains to referencing the practice of medicine?
more than 70
Who is known for developing poisons and antidotes in Ancient Rome?
Mithridates, king of pontus
What was the De Materia Medica?
Pedanios Dioscorides recorded his observations and developed precise rules for collecting, storing and using drugs.
What are Galenicals?
A class of pharmaceuticals compounded by mechanical means developed by Galen in Ancient Rome.
Where was pharmacy and medicine practiced in the Middle Ages?
In monasteries.
Where was the first apothecaries?
In Baghdad. they were privately owned drug stores.
When was pharmacy and physicians separated?
Late 18th century by the arabs
What is a Pharmacopoeia?
A compilation or listing of pharmaceutical products that also contains their formulas and methods or preparation.
Where was the first pharmacopoecia?
Florence, Italy
where was the first apothecary?
Massachusetts bay colony founded by john winthrop
who was the first female pharmacy?
Elizabeth Marshall
Where was America’s first hospital?
founded by Benjamin Fanklin in philadelphia
Who was the first Apothecary general?
Andrew Craigie
where was the first American college of pharmacy?
philadelphia in 1821
American Pharmaceutical Association
1852 Daniel Smith and William Proctor Jr. delegates of the pharmacy college.
who was the father of american pharmacy?
William Proctor Jr.
When was the untied states pharmacopoeia?
published in 1820
who was the father of genetics?
Gregor Mendel an australian priest and scientist
what did mendel discover?
that inheritance of traits follows particular laws
What is the American Council on Pharmaceutical Education (ACPE)?
Establishes standards for pharmacy education
What are 4 eras of the pharmacist role?
Traditional
Scientific
Clinical
Pharmaceutical Care
What was the Pharmacists role in the traditional era?
to formulate and dispense drugs derived from natural resources
What was the Pharmacists role in the scientific era?
more scientific based approach , development of new drugs and scientific testing
What was the Pharmacists role in the Clinical era?
started to dispense not only drugs but information, warnings, advice, and suggestions.
What was the Pharmacists role in the Pharmaceutical care?
is the combination of all 3 past eras. ensuring positive outcomes for drug related therapies.
what is biotechnology?
A technique that uses living things to make or modify specific products (yeast, bacteria, and mammalian cells).
what is Pharmacogenomics?
The study of individual genetic differences in response to drug therapy.
who was responsible for separating the practices of pharmacy and medicine?
Frederick II
