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sts > Chapter 1 – Historical Antecedents > Flashcards

Chapter 1 – Historical Antecedents Flashcards

1
Q

interdisciplinary course designed to
examine the ways that science and technology shape, and are shaped by, our society,
politics, and culture.

A

Science and Technology and Society

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2
Q

It explores the conditions under which production, distribution and
utilization of scientific knowledge and technological systems occur;; and the effects of
these processes upon the entire society.

A

Science and Technology and Society

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3
Q

an evolving body of knowledge that is based on theoretical expositions
and experimental and empirical activities that generates universal truths.

A

Science

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4
Q

application of science and creation of systems, processes and
objects designed to help humans in their daily activities.

A

Technology

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5
Q

the sum total of our interactions as humans, including the interactions
that we engage in to understand the nature of things and to create things.

A

Society

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6
Q

as a group of individuals involved in persistent social interaction, or a large social group
sharing the same geographical or social territory, typically subject to the same political
authority and dominant cultural expectations (Science Daily).

A

Society

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7
Q

Science during ancient times involved practical arts like

A

healing practices
and metal tradition

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8
Q

Some of the earliest records from history indicate that 3,000
years before Christ, the ancient Egyptians already had reasonably sophisticated

A

medical practices.

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9
Q

was renowned for his knowledge of medicine, Sometime around 2650 B.C.

A

Imhotep

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10
Q

was considered advanced as compared with other
ancient nations because of one of the early inventions of Egyptian civilization

A

The Egyptian medicine

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11
Q

an ancient form of paper, made from the papyrus plant,
a reed which grows in the marshy areas around the Nile river.

A

papyrus

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12
Q

The invention of this ancient form of paper revolutionized the way
information was transmitted from person to person and generation to generation.

A

papyrus

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13
Q

Before papyrus, Egyptians, Sumerians, and other races wrote on

A

clay tablets or
smooth rocks.

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14
Q

became the most
respected form of medicine in the known world.

A

Egyptian medicine

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15
Q

was used as a writing
material as early as 3,000 BC in ancient Egypt, and continued to be used to some
extent until around 1100 AD.

A

Papyrus

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16
Q

were making pottery using the
first known potter’s wheel.

A

Mesopotamians

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17
Q

As early as 1,000 years before Christ, the ———– were using compasses to aid
themselves in their travels.

A

chinese

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18
Q

were the early thinkers and as far as historians can tell,
they were the first true scientists

A

ancient Greeks

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19
Q

Scientific thought in _____ becomes tangible from the 6th
century BC in pre-­Socratic philosophy (_______).

A

Classical Antiquity
Thales, Pythagoras

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20
Q

Plato’s student Aristotle begins the
“scientific revolution” of the

A

Hellenistic period

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21
Q

Hellenistic period scholars

A

Eratosthenes, Equclid, Aristarchus of
Samos, Hipparchus and Archimedes.

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22
Q

Islamic Golden Age period

A

eighth century to the
fourteenth century

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23
Q

Islamic Golden Age period is traditionally understood to have
begun during the reign of the

A

Abbasid caliph Harun al-­Rashid (786 to 809)

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24
Q

scholars from various
parts of the world with different cultural backgrounds were mandated to gather and
translate all of the world’s classical knowledge into the Arabic language and
subsequently development in various fields of sciences began.

A

House of Wisdom in Baghdad

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25
Q

direction in which to pray

A

Qibla,

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26
Q

is applied in agriculture and geography
enabled scientists to make accurate maps.

A

botany

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27
Q

contributed to advanced in algebra, trigonometry, geometry and Arabic
numerals.

A

Al-­Khwarizmi, Avicenna and Jamshid al
Kashi

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28
Q

produced books that contain descriptions of the preparation of hundred
of drugs made from medicinal plants and chemical compounds.

A

Al-­Biruni, and
Avicenna

29
Q

studied optics and mechanics as well as astronomy, and criticized Aristotle’s view
of motion.

A

Ibn Al-­Haytham, Al-­Biruni and others

30
Q

Four Great Inventions

A

compass, gunpowder, papermaking and printing.

31
Q

the beginning of the cultural movement of the
Renaissance

A

14th century

32
Q

Golden Age of Science

A

Renaissance,

33
Q

The rediscovery of ancient scientific texts was
accelerated after the

A

Fall of Constantinople in 1453

34
Q

coined the term Scientific Renaissance to designate the
early phase of the Scientific Revolution

A

Marie Boas Hall

35
Q

Scientific Renaissance duration

A

1450–1630

36
Q

has argued for a two-­phase model of early modern science: a Scientific
Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centuries, focused on the restoration of the
natural knowledge of the ancients;; and a Scientific Revolution of the 17th century,
when scientists shifted from recovery to innovation.

A

Peter Dear

37
Q

stressed that nature came to be viewed as an
animate spiritual creation that was not governed by laws or mathematics.

A

Renaissance humanism

38
Q

in the renaissance period, Science
would only be revived later, with such figures as

A

copernicus, Gerolamo
Cardano, Francis Bacon, and Descartes.

39
Q

The most important technological advance of all in renaissance

A

development of printing,

40
Q

usually called the inventor of printing with movable metal type

A

Johannes Gutenberg

41
Q

steps in printing

A
  1. Block printing on wood came to the West
    9
    from China between 1250 and 1350
  2. papermaking came from China by way of the
    Arabs to 12th-­century Spain
  3. Flemish technique of oil painting was
    the origin of the new printers’ ink
42
Q

Three men of Mainz

A

Gutenberg and his
contemporaries Johann Fust and Peter Schöffer

43
Q

spread of printing invention

A

italy by 1467, Hungary and Poland in the 1470s, and
Scandinavia by 1483.

44
Q

By 1500 the presses of Europe had produced

A

some six
million books.

45
Q

characterized by
radical reorientation in science, which emphasized reason over superstition and
science over blind faith.

A

The Enlightenment Period or the Age of Reason

46
Q

This period produced numerous books, essays,
inventions, scientific discoveries, laws, wars and revolutions.

A

The Enlightenment Period or the Age of Reason

47
Q

were directly inspired by Enlightenment ideals and
respectively marked the peak of its influence and the beginning of its decline.

A

The American and
French Revolutions

48
Q

The
Enlightenment ultimately gave way to

A

19th-­century Romanticism.

49
Q

The Enlightenment’s important 17th-­century precursors included the key
natural philosophers of the Scientific Revolution, including

A

Galileo Galilei,
Johannes Kepler and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz.

50
Q

two works that provided the scientific, mathematical and
philosophical toolkit for the Enlightenment’s major advances.

A

Isaac Newton published his
“Principia Mathematica” (1686) and John Locke his “Essay Concerning Human
Understanding” (1689)

51
Q

Isaac Newton’s epochal accomplishment in his _______ consists in
the comprehension of a diversity of physical phenomena – in particular the motions
of heavenly bodies, together with the motions of sublunary bodies – in few
relatively simple, universally applicable, mathematical laws, was a great stimulus
to the intellectual activity of the eighteenth century and served as a model and
inspiration for the researches of a number of Enlightenment thinkers.

A

Principia Mathematica

52
Q

strongly encourages the Enlightenment conception of nature as an orderly
domain governed by strict mathematical-­dynamical laws and the conception of
ourselves as capable of knowing those laws and of plumbing the secrets of nature
through the exercise of our unaided faculties.

A

Newton’s system

53
Q

the home of
the Industrial Revolution

A

Great Britain

54
Q

permitted the tailoring of alloy steels to
industrial specifications,

A

science of metallurgy

55
Q

posed the problems that led, by way of a
search for a theory of steam power, to the creation of thermodynamics.

A

steam engine

56
Q

main features of Industrial Revolution

A

technological,
socioeconomic, and cultural.

57
Q

The technological changes included the following:

A

(1)
the use of new basic materials, chiefly iron and steel,
(2) the use of
new energy sources, including both fuels and motive power, such as coal,
the steam engine, electricity, petroleum, and the internal-­combustion engine,
(3)
the invention of new machines, such as the spinning jenny and the power loom that
permitted increased production with a smaller expenditure of human energy,
(4) a
new organization of work known as the factory system, which entailed
increased division of labor and specialization of function,
(5) important
developments in transportation and communication, including the
steam locomotive, steamship, automobile, airplane, telegraph, and radio, and
(6)
the increasing application of science to industry.

58
Q

The start of the 20th century was strongly marked by

A

Einstein’s formulation
of the theory of relativity (1905) including the unifying concept of energy related to
mass and the speed of light: E = mc2 .

59
Q

is a way of describing the blurring of
boundaries between the physical, digital, and biological worlds.

A

Fourth Industrial Revolution

60
Q

It’s a fusion of
advances in artificial intelligence (AI), robotics, the Internet of Things (IoT), 3D
printing, genetic engineering, quantum computing, and other technologies.

A

Fourth Industrial Revolution

61
Q

describes computers that can
“think” like humans — recognizing complex patterns, processing information, drawing
conclusions, and making recommendations.

A

Artificial intelligence (AI)

62
Q

offers immersive digital experiences
that simulate the real world, while augmented reality merges the digital and physical
worlds.

A

Virtual reality (VR)

63
Q

harnesses cellular and biomolecular processes to develop new
technologies and products for a range of uses, including developing new
pharmaceuticals and materials, more efficient industrial manufacturing processes, and
cleaner, more efficient energy sources.

A

Biotechnology

64
Q

refers to the design, manufacture, and use of robots for personal and
commercial use.

A

Robotics

65
Q

They are used
in fields as wide-ranging as manufacturing, health and safety, and human assistance.

A

Robotics

66
Q

allows manufacturing businesses to print their own parts, with less
tooling, at a lower cost, and faster than via traditional processes. Plus, designs can be
customized to ensure a perfect fit.

A

3D printing

67
Q

describes the idea of everyday items — from medical wearables that
monitor users’ physical condition to cars and tracking devices inserted into parcels —
being connected to the internet and identifiable by other devices.

A

IoT

68
Q

periods

A

-Ancient Times to 600 BC
-Advent of Science (600 BC to 500 AD)
-Islamic Golden Age
-Ancient China and the Far East
-Renaissance (1300 AD – 1600AD)
-The Enlightenment Period (1715 A.D. to 1789 A.D.)
-Industrial Revolution (1760 -­ 1840)
-20th Century Science: Physics and Information Age
-Fourth Industrial Revolution

sts (5 decks)

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