Chapter 1 - Health and Wellness Flashcards
preventable leading cause of death for Canadians
smoking
what is the difference between the terms “health” and “wellness”?
Health generally refers to the overall conditions of the body/mind the presence of illness/injury.
Wellness refers to optimal health and vitality encompassing all dimensions of well being.
what are some main social determinants of health?
- age: biological changes
- income and distribution
- education
- unemployment and job security
- employment and working conditions
- early childhood development
- food insecurity
- housing
- social exclusion
- social safety and network
- health services/status
-sex/gender
-race
-disability
-hormonal imbalances
True of false: the terms health and wellness mean the same thing?
False – although the words are used interchangeably, they have different meanings.
What are some health challenges?
- infectious diseases
- chronic diseases
what are infectious diseases?
caused by invading microorganisms such as bacteria/viruses (rare today)
what are chronic diseases?
long lasting health conditions that don’t go away on their own and often require ongoing management or treatment.
Examples: diabetes, heart disease, asthma, and arthritis.
what is a first past metabolism?
if you take synthetic compounds it goes through the liver, which, over time can cause more stress on the body.
During first-pass metabolism, the liver metabolizes, or breaks down, a significant portion of the drug or substance before it has a chance to reach other parts of the body.
Just because you are ____ for a specific adverse condition/disease, does not mean you will ____
predisposed, acquire it.
life expectancy women VS. Men
women: on average live about four years longer, but have higher rates of disabling health problems, such as arthritis, osteoporosis, and Alzheimer’s
Men: Shorter life expectancy but lower rates of disabling health problems
Height and weight women vs. men
women: Shorter on average, with a lower proportion of muscle; tend to have a pear shape with excess body fat stored in the hips; obesity is more common in women than men
men: Taller on average, with a higher proportion of muscle; tend to have an apple shape with excess body fat stored in the abdomen
Skills and fluencies women vs. men
women: Score better on tests of verbal fluency, speech production, fine motor skills, and visual and working memory
men: Score better on tests of visual-spatial ability (such as the ability to imagine the relationships between shapes and objects when rotated in space)
Heart attacks women vs. men
women: Experience heart attacks about ten years later than men, on average, with a poorer one-year survival rate; more likely to experience atypical heart attack symptoms (such as fatigue, arm and back pain, and difficulty breathing) or silent heart attacks that occur without chest pain
men: Experience heart attacks about ten years earlier than women, on average, with a better one-year survival rate; more likely to have classic heart attack symptoms (such as chest pain)
immune response women vs men
women: stronger immune systems, less susceptible to infection by certain bacteria and viruses but more likely to develop autoimmune diseases, such as lupus
men: weaker immune systems, more susceptible to infection by certain bacteria and viruses, but less likely to develop autoimmune diseases
smoking women vs. men
women: lower rates of smoking than men, but higher risk of lung cancer at a given level of exposure to smoke
men: higher rates of smoking and chewing Tabaco use
alcohol women vs. men
women: become more intoxicated at a given level of alcohol intake
men: become less intoxicated at a given level alcohol intake but are more likely to use or abuse alcohol or to develop alcoholism
stress women vs. men
Women: more likely to react to stress with a tend-and-befriend response that involves social support; may have a longevity advantage because of a reduced risk of stress-related disorders.
Men: more likely to react to stress with aggression or hostility, which may increase the rate of stress-related disorders
what is the difference between gender and sex?
sex is about biology and physical attributes, while gender is about societal and cultural roles and expectations associated with being male, female, or other gender identities.
in terms of life expectancy, which physiology wins?
(hint: biological differences)
Female, but the gap is decreasing
what are some Biological Differences that can influence life expectancy?
females typically have higher levels of estrogen, which can have protective effects on the cardiovascular system. This can reduce the risk of heart disease and related conditions, which are leading causes of death.
on average, who tend to engage more in riskier behavior’s?
(risky behavior’s)
Men.
This includes higher rates of tobacco and alcohol use, reckless driving, and engaging in dangerous occupations or activities. These behaviors can increase the likelihood of accidents and premature mortality.
who is more likely to engage in preventative health measures?
Females.
- regular check ups/screening which contribute to early detection and management of health issues
___ are often socialized to be more stoic and less likely to discuss their health problems or seek help, which can ___ treatment for serious conditions.
men, delay
___ can adapt to ___ in life, making their immune system more ____
women can adapt to stressors in life making their immune system more robust.
What are the contributing factors between men and women in terms of life expectancy?
BIRSFISI:
- Biological Differences
- Risky behaviors
- Females are generally more proactive about seeking medical care
- Social and Environmental Factors
- Immune system
what is BMI?
Body Mass Index. It’s a simple numerical measure often used to assess whether a person has a healthy body weight in relation to their height.
how do you calculate BMI?
by a person’s weight in kilograms by the square of their height in meters.
why should we take BMI with a grain of salt?
it doesn’t consider other factors like muscle mass, bone density, or distribution of weight, which can vary among individuals.
a useful screening tool but should not be the sole determinant of a person’s overall health status.
Depression women VS. men
women: more likely to suffer from depression and to attempt death by suicide
Men: lower rates of depression than women and less likelier to attempt death by suicide, but four times as likely to die by suicide
headaches women vs. men
women: more likely to suffer from migraine and chronic tension headaches
men: more likely to suffer from cluster headaches
STIs women vs. men
women: more likely to be infected during a heterosexual encounter, more likely to suffer severe long term effects such as chronic infection and infertility
men: less likely to be infected during heterosexual encounter
