Chapter 1: General Principles & Energy Production Flashcards
1
Q
What does the GI System Do?
A
Digests and absorbs food
2
Q
What does the Respiratory System Do?
A
Takes up oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide
3
Q
What does the Cardiovascular System do?
A
Distributes nutrients, oxygen, and the products of metabolism
4
Q
What does the Reproductive system do?
A
perpetuates the species
5
Q
What does the nervous+endocrine systems do?
A
coordinate and integrate functions of the other systems
6
Q
What is the average young males body make up?
A
18% protein, 7% mineral, 15% fat, 60% water
7
Q
What can body fluids be divided into?
A
intracellular and extracellular fluid
8
Q
What contains a very small amount of total body fluids
A
transcellular
9
Q
Are electrolytes and proteins distributed equally or unequally among the body fluids?
A
unequally
10
Q
What charge does protein have at physiologic pH?
A
negative
11
Q
What are the cells that make up the bodies of all but the simplest multicellular animals called?
A
extracellular fluid
12
Q
From extracellular fluid, what is taken up and discharged?
A
oxygen and nutrients are taken up and metabolic waste products are discharged
13
Q
Where did all life originate from?
A
the ocean
14
Q
What is the ECF divided into in animals with a closed vascular system?
A
interstitial fluid, circulating blood plasma, and lymph fluid that brides these two
15
Q
Where is the interstitial fluid part of the ECF?
A
outside the vascular and lymph systems, bathing the cells
16
Q
What makes up total blood volume?
A
plasma and red blood cells
17
Q
How much of the total body water is extracellular?
A
one third
18
Q
How much of the total body water is intracellular fluid?
A
two thirds
19
Q
What is the buildup of body fluids extracellularly or interstitially in tissues called?
A
Edema
20
Q
What is the increased fluid of edema related to?
A
Increased leak from the blood or increased removal by the lymph system
21
Q
How much does the intracellular component of body water account for?
A
40% of body weight
22
Q
How much does the extracellular component of body water account for?
A
20% of body weight
23
Q
What percentage of the extracellular component accounts for the vascular system?
A
25% of body weight (plasma=5%) and 75% outside the blood vessels
24
Q
What is the total blood volume
A
8% of body weight
25
What is more meaningful to consider when talking about important substances and interactions among them?
number of molecules, electrical charges and particles of a substance per unit volume of a particular body fluid. IE moles, equivalents, or osmoles
26
What is a mole?
A gram-molecular weight of a substance that is the molar weight of the substance in grams
27
What is a millimole (mmol)
1/1000 of a mole
27
What does each mole consist of?
6x10^23 molecules
28
What is the micromole (umol)
1/1,000,000 of a mole
29
What is the standard unit for expressing the amount of substances in the SI unit system?
The mole
30
What is the molecular weight of a substance?
The ratio of the mass of one molecule of the substance to the mass of one-twelfth the mass of an atom of carbon-12
31
Is molecular weight a ratio that is dimensionless?
yes
32
What is a useful unit for expressing the molecular mass of proteins?
The kilodalton
33
What is in the form of an electrically charged particle in the body?
solutes
34
What does one equivalent of NaCl dissociate into?
1 Eq Na+ and 1 Eq of Cl-
35
Is electrical equivalence the same as chemical equivalence?
no
36
What is an ideal solvent for physiological reactions?
water
37
Explain the dipole moment that the water molecule has?
oxygen (-) in the molecule pulls electrons away from the hydrogen (+) atoms which makes the molecule polar. This allows water to dissolve charged atoms and molecules
38
What does the hydrogen bonding in water allow for?
high surface tension, high heat of vaporization/heat capacity, and high dielectric constant
39
What transfers heat and conduction of current?
water
40
What are electrolytes?
Molecules that dissociate in water to their cation and anion equivalents
41
The separations in electrolytes and proteins that are unevenly distributed in body fluids play an important role in the establishment of what?
membrane potential and action potential
42
What are some of the important electrolytes in physiology?
Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, HCO3-
43
What is essential to life?
The maintenance of a stable hydrogen ion concentration in body fluids
44
What is pH of water at 25 degrees C in which H+ and OH- ions are present in equal numbers?
7.0
45
In the pH of healthy individuals, pH is slightly alkaline and maintained at what range?
7.35-7.45
46
What is sensitive to pH?
enzymatic activity and protein structure
47
What is an acid?
molecules that act as H+ donors
48
What is a base?
molecules that remove H+ from solutions
49
What completely dissociates in water?
strong acids and strong bases
50
How is body pH stabilized?
By the buffering capacity of the body fluids
51
What is a buffer?
A substance that has the ability to bind or release H+ in solution which keeps the pH of the solution relatively constant despite the addition of acids or bases
52
What is the isohydric principle?
All buffer pairs in a homogenous solution are in equilibrium with the same H+
53
What is the excess of acid?
acidosis
54
What is the excess of base?
alkalosis
55
How does acid-base disruption impact the body?
It impairs the delivery of oxygen to and removal of carbon dioxide from tissues
55
What are metabolic disorders that have to do with acid-base imbalances?
metabolic acidosis and metabolic alkalosis
56
What is diffusion?
The process by which a gas or substance in a solution expands or moves from a region to another because of motion of its particles to fill the available volume
57
When is a particle likely to move into or out of an area?
When it is present in high concentration
58
What is net flux?
When solute particles from areas of high concentrations move to areas of low concentration
59
What is Fick's law
The difference in concentration of the diffusing substance divided by the thickness of the boundary
60
What is the concentration gradient?
The magnitude of the diffusing tendency from one region to another separated by a boundary
61
What is osmosis?
The diffusion of solvent (often water) molecules into a region where there is a higher concentration of a solute (often sodium) to which the membrane is impermeable
62
What is osmotic pressure?
The pressure necessary to prevent solvent migration
63
What does osmotic pressure depend on?
The number of particles in a solution rather than the type
64
What is an ideal solution?
Osmotic pressure is related to temperature and volume in the same way as the pressure of a gas
65
What determines osmotic capacity?
The concentration in the body fluids. The more concentrated the solution, the greater the deviation from an ideal solution
66
What is osmolarity?
The number of osmoles per L of solution. it is affected by volume of solutes in solution and temperature.
67
What is osmolality?
The number of osmoles per kg of solvent
68
What is the freezing point of normal human plasma?
-0.54 degrees C
69
What is tonicity?
The osmolality of a solution relative to plasma
70
What is isotonic?
Solutions that have the same osmolality as plasma
71
What is hypertonicc?
Solutions that have greater osmolality than plasma
72
What are the major electrolytes of plasma?
glucose and urea
73
What is a nucleoside?
A sugar linked to a nitrogen containing base
74
What are the physiologically important bases?
purines and pyrimidines (rings)
75
When an inorganic phosphate is added to a nucleoside what is formed?
nucleotide
76
What are the backbones for RNA and DNA
nucleosides and nucleotides
77
What are most purines and pyrimidines synthesized from?
amino acids in the liver
78
What are the pyrimidines catabolized into?
B-amino acids
79
What is the normal blood uric acid levels in humans?
4 mg/dL or 0.24 mmol/L
80
Where is uric acid reabsorbed, filtered, and secreted?
the kidneys
81
How much uric acid is filtered?
98%
82
How much uric acid is secreted?
2%
83
What is gout?
A disease characterized by recurrent attacks of arthritis; urate deposits in the joints, kidneys, and other tissues; and elevated blood urine uric acid levels
84
Where is DNA found?
In bacteria, nuclei of eukaryotic cells, and in mitochondria
85
What is DNA made up of?
Adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine
86
What is DNA further compacted into?
chromosomes
87
What is the fundamental unit of DNA?
gene; sequence of DNA nucleotides that contain the information for the production of an ordered amino acid sequence for a single polypeptide chain
88
What is near the transcription start site of the gene?
promoter; the site where RNA polymerase and its cofactors bind
89
How many alleles will each gene have in a diploid cell?
two
90
SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) changes within or outside the coding region can do what?
have great consequences for gene function
91
When do gene mutations occur?
When the base sequence in the DNA is altered from its original sequence
92
How do alterations occur?
insertions, deletions, or duplications
93
What are point mutations?
single base subsitutions
94
What is a genome?
A collection of genes within the full expression of DNA from an organism
95
What is mitosis?
somatic cell division where two DNA chains separate, each serving as a template for the synthesis of a new complementary chain. The DNA chain in each new daughter cell is the same as the parent cell
96
What is mitosis catalyzed by?
polymerase
97
What is meiosis?
Reductive division which takes places during maturation. Half the DNA from the father and half from the mother result in a zygote.
98
What is aneuploidy
The condition in which a cell contains other than the haploid number of chromosomes or an exact multiple of it (common in cancerous cells)
99
How does RNA differ from DNA?
It is single stranded, has uracil in place of thymine, and its sugar is ribose
100
What is the production of RNA to DNA?
Transcription
101
What is transcription catalyzed by?
RNA polymerase
102
What is translation?
Protein synthesis with mRNA
103
What are nutritionally essential amino acids?
Amino acids that cannot be made in the body ie arginine and histidine
104
How many amino acids make up a protein?
100 or more amino acids
105
What are proteins made up of?
Large numbers of amino acids linked into chains by peptide bonds joining the amino group of one amino acid to the carboxyl group of the next
106
What are smaller chais of amino acids called?
peptides or polypeptides
107
What is translation?
The process of protein synthesis. Conversion of information encoded in mRNA to a protein
108
Where does translation start?
In the ribosomes
109
Translation stops where?
UGA, UAA, or UAG
110
What are fatty acids broken down into in the body?
acetyl-CoA
111
What does Acetyl-CoA condense to form?
acetoacetyl-CoA
112
What is a ketone body?
compounds that the liver produces when the body metabolizes fat for energy (acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone
113
Two types of lipids in cells are
structural lipids and neutral fat
114
What are free fatty acids bound to?
albumin
115
What are water insoluble vitamins?
A, D, E, K
116
What is an essential constituent of cell membranes?
cholesterol
117
How do statins work?
They reduce cholesterol synthesis by inhibiting HMG-CoA
118
What are the essential fatty acids
linolenic, linoleic, arachidonic
119
Why are essential fatty acids necessary?
They are precursors of prostaglandins, lipoxins, leukotrienes and other compounds
120
What are prostaglandins
series of 20-carbon unsaturated fatty acids containing a cyclopentane ring. Important in female reproduction, cardio system, inflammation, and causation of pain
121
