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Physiology > Chapter 1: General Principles & Energy Production > Flashcards

Chapter 1: General Principles & Energy Production Flashcards

1
Q

What does the GI System Do?

A

Digests and absorbs food

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2
Q

What does the Respiratory System Do?

A

Takes up oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide

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3
Q

What does the Cardiovascular System do?

A

Distributes nutrients, oxygen, and the products of metabolism

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4
Q

What does the Reproductive system do?

A

perpetuates the species

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5
Q

What does the nervous+endocrine systems do?

A

coordinate and integrate functions of the other systems

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6
Q

What is the average young males body make up?

A

18% protein, 7% mineral, 15% fat, 60% water

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7
Q

What can body fluids be divided into?

A

intracellular and extracellular fluid

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8
Q

What contains a very small amount of total body fluids

A

transcellular

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9
Q

Are electrolytes and proteins distributed equally or unequally among the body fluids?

A

unequally

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10
Q

What charge does protein have at physiologic pH?

A

negative

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11
Q

What are the cells that make up the bodies of all but the simplest multicellular animals called?

A

extracellular fluid

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12
Q

From extracellular fluid, what is taken up and discharged?

A

oxygen and nutrients are taken up and metabolic waste products are discharged

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13
Q

Where did all life originate from?

A

the ocean

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14
Q

What is the ECF divided into in animals with a closed vascular system?

A

interstitial fluid, circulating blood plasma, and lymph fluid that brides these two

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15
Q

Where is the interstitial fluid part of the ECF?

A

outside the vascular and lymph systems, bathing the cells

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16
Q

What makes up total blood volume?

A

plasma and red blood cells

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17
Q

How much of the total body water is extracellular?

A

one third

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18
Q

How much of the total body water is intracellular fluid?

A

two thirds

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19
Q

What is the buildup of body fluids extracellularly or interstitially in tissues called?

A

Edema

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20
Q

What is the increased fluid of edema related to?

A

Increased leak from the blood or increased removal by the lymph system

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21
Q

How much does the intracellular component of body water account for?

A

40% of body weight

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22
Q

How much does the extracellular component of body water account for?

A

20% of body weight

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23
Q

What percentage of the extracellular component accounts for the vascular system?

A

25% of body weight (plasma=5%) and 75% outside the blood vessels

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24
Q

What is the total blood volume

A

8% of body weight

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25
Q

What is more meaningful to consider when talking about important substances and interactions among them?

A

number of molecules, electrical charges and particles of a substance per unit volume of a particular body fluid. IE moles, equivalents, or osmoles

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26
Q

What is a mole?

A

A gram-molecular weight of a substance that is the molar weight of the substance in grams

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27
Q

What is a millimole (mmol)

A

1/1000 of a mole

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27
Q

What does each mole consist of?

A

6x10^23 molecules

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28
Q

What is the micromole (umol)

A

1/1,000,000 of a mole

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29
Q

What is the standard unit for expressing the amount of substances in the SI unit system?

A

The mole

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30
Q

What is the molecular weight of a substance?

A

The ratio of the mass of one molecule of the substance to the mass of one-twelfth the mass of an atom of carbon-12

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31
Q

Is molecular weight a ratio that is dimensionless?

A

yes

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32
Q

What is a useful unit for expressing the molecular mass of proteins?

A

The kilodalton

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33
Q

What is in the form of an electrically charged particle in the body?

A

solutes

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34
Q

What does one equivalent of NaCl dissociate into?

A

1 Eq Na+ and 1 Eq of Cl-

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35
Q

Is electrical equivalence the same as chemical equivalence?

A

no

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36
Q

What is an ideal solvent for physiological reactions?

A

water

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37
Q

Explain the dipole moment that the water molecule has?

A

oxygen (-) in the molecule pulls electrons away from the hydrogen (+) atoms which makes the molecule polar. This allows water to dissolve charged atoms and molecules

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38
Q

What does the hydrogen bonding in water allow for?

A

high surface tension, high heat of vaporization/heat capacity, and high dielectric constant

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39
Q

What transfers heat and conduction of current?

A

water

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40
Q

What are electrolytes?

A

Molecules that dissociate in water to their cation and anion equivalents

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41
Q

The separations in electrolytes and proteins that are unevenly distributed in body fluids play an important role in the establishment of what?

A

membrane potential and action potential

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42
Q

What are some of the important electrolytes in physiology?

A

Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, HCO3-

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43
Q

What is essential to life?

A

The maintenance of a stable hydrogen ion concentration in body fluids

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44
Q

What is pH of water at 25 degrees C in which H+ and OH- ions are present in equal numbers?

A

7.0

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45
Q

In the pH of healthy individuals, pH is slightly alkaline and maintained at what range?

A

7.35-7.45

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46
Q

What is sensitive to pH?

A

enzymatic activity and protein structure

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47
Q

What is an acid?

A

molecules that act as H+ donors

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48
Q

What is a base?

A

molecules that remove H+ from solutions

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49
Q

What completely dissociates in water?

A

strong acids and strong bases

50
Q

How is body pH stabilized?

A

By the buffering capacity of the body fluids

51
Q

What is a buffer?

A

A substance that has the ability to bind or release H+ in solution which keeps the pH of the solution relatively constant despite the addition of acids or bases

52
Q

What is the isohydric principle?

A

All buffer pairs in a homogenous solution are in equilibrium with the same H+

53
Q

What is the excess of acid?

A

acidosis

54
Q

What is the excess of base?

A

alkalosis

55
Q

How does acid-base disruption impact the body?

A

It impairs the delivery of oxygen to and removal of carbon dioxide from tissues

55
Q

What are metabolic disorders that have to do with acid-base imbalances?

A

metabolic acidosis and metabolic alkalosis

56
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The process by which a gas or substance in a solution expands or moves from a region to another because of motion of its particles to fill the available volume

57
Q

When is a particle likely to move into or out of an area?

A

When it is present in high concentration

58
Q

What is net flux?

A

When solute particles from areas of high concentrations move to areas of low concentration

59
Q

What is Fick’s law

A

The difference in concentration of the diffusing substance divided by the thickness of the boundary

60
Q

What is the concentration gradient?

A

The magnitude of the diffusing tendency from one region to another separated by a boundary

61
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The diffusion of solvent (often water) molecules into a region where there is a higher concentration of a solute (often sodium) to which the membrane is impermeable

62
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A

The pressure necessary to prevent solvent migration

63
Q

What does osmotic pressure depend on?

A

The number of particles in a solution rather than the type

64
Q

What is an ideal solution?

A

Osmotic pressure is related to temperature and volume in the same way as the pressure of a gas

65
Q

What determines osmotic capacity?

A

The concentration in the body fluids. The more concentrated the solution, the greater the deviation from an ideal solution

66
Q

What is osmolarity?

A

The number of osmoles per L of solution. it is affected by volume of solutes in solution and temperature.

67
Q

What is osmolality?

A

The number of osmoles per kg of solvent

68
Q

What is the freezing point of normal human plasma?

A

-0.54 degrees C

69
Q

What is tonicity?

A

The osmolality of a solution relative to plasma

70
Q

What is isotonic?

A

Solutions that have the same osmolality as plasma

71
Q

What is hypertonicc?

A

Solutions that have greater osmolality than plasma

72
Q

What are the major electrolytes of plasma?

A

glucose and urea

73
Q

What is a nucleoside?

A

A sugar linked to a nitrogen containing base

74
Q

What are the physiologically important bases?

A

purines and pyrimidines (rings)

75
Q

When an inorganic phosphate is added to a nucleoside what is formed?

A

nucleotide

76
Q

What are the backbones for RNA and DNA

A

nucleosides and nucleotides

77
Q

What are most purines and pyrimidines synthesized from?

A

amino acids in the liver

78
Q

What are the pyrimidines catabolized into?

A

B-amino acids

79
Q

What is the normal blood uric acid levels in humans?

A

4 mg/dL or 0.24 mmol/L

80
Q

Where is uric acid reabsorbed, filtered, and secreted?

A

the kidneys

81
Q

How much uric acid is filtered?

A

98%

82
Q

How much uric acid is secreted?

A

2%

83
Q

What is gout?

A

A disease characterized by recurrent attacks of arthritis; urate deposits in the joints, kidneys, and other tissues; and elevated blood urine uric acid levels

84
Q

Where is DNA found?

A

In bacteria, nuclei of eukaryotic cells, and in mitochondria

85
Q

What is DNA made up of?

A

Adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine

86
Q

What is DNA further compacted into?

A

chromosomes

87
Q

What is the fundamental unit of DNA?

A

gene; sequence of DNA nucleotides that contain the information for the production of an ordered amino acid sequence for a single polypeptide chain

88
Q

What is near the transcription start site of the gene?

A

promoter; the site where RNA polymerase and its cofactors bind

89
Q

How many alleles will each gene have in a diploid cell?

A

two

90
Q

SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) changes within or outside the coding region can do what?

A

have great consequences for gene function

91
Q

When do gene mutations occur?

A

When the base sequence in the DNA is altered from its original sequence

92
Q

How do alterations occur?

A

insertions, deletions, or duplications

93
Q

What are point mutations?

A

single base subsitutions

94
Q

What is a genome?

A

A collection of genes within the full expression of DNA from an organism

95
Q

What is mitosis?

A

somatic cell division where two DNA chains separate, each serving as a template for the synthesis of a new complementary chain. The DNA chain in each new daughter cell is the same as the parent cell

96
Q

What is mitosis catalyzed by?

A

polymerase

97
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Reductive division which takes places during maturation. Half the DNA from the father and half from the mother result in a zygote.

98
Q

What is aneuploidy

A

The condition in which a cell contains other than the haploid number of chromosomes or an exact multiple of it (common in cancerous cells)

99
Q

How does RNA differ from DNA?

A

It is single stranded, has uracil in place of thymine, and its sugar is ribose

100
Q

What is the production of RNA to DNA?

A

Transcription

101
Q

What is transcription catalyzed by?

A

RNA polymerase

102
Q

What is translation?

A

Protein synthesis with mRNA

103
Q

What are nutritionally essential amino acids?

A

Amino acids that cannot be made in the body ie arginine and histidine

104
Q

How many amino acids make up a protein?

A

100 or more amino acids

105
Q

What are proteins made up of?

A

Large numbers of amino acids linked into chains by peptide bonds joining the amino group of one amino acid to the carboxyl group of the next

106
Q

What are smaller chais of amino acids called?

A

peptides or polypeptides

107
Q

What is translation?

A

The process of protein synthesis. Conversion of information encoded in mRNA to a protein

108
Q

Where does translation start?

A

In the ribosomes

109
Q

Translation stops where?

A

UGA, UAA, or UAG

110
Q

What are fatty acids broken down into in the body?

A

acetyl-CoA

111
Q

What does Acetyl-CoA condense to form?

A

acetoacetyl-CoA

112
Q

What is a ketone body?

A

compounds that the liver produces when the body metabolizes fat for energy (acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone

113
Q

Two types of lipids in cells are

A

structural lipids and neutral fat

114
Q

What are free fatty acids bound to?

A

albumin

115
Q

What are water insoluble vitamins?

A

A, D, E, K

116
Q

What is an essential constituent of cell membranes?

A

cholesterol

117
Q

How do statins work?

A

They reduce cholesterol synthesis by inhibiting HMG-CoA

118
Q

What are the essential fatty acids

A

linolenic, linoleic, arachidonic

119
Q

Why are essential fatty acids necessary?

A

They are precursors of prostaglandins, lipoxins, leukotrienes and other compounds

120
Q

What are prostaglandins

A

series of 20-carbon unsaturated fatty acids containing a cyclopentane ring. Important in female reproduction, cardio system, inflammation, and causation of pain

121
Q
A

Physiology (3 decks)

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