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Z Biomolecules (Biochemistry) > Chapter 1: Facts of Life > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Facts of Life Flashcards

1
Q

Is the logic of biological phenomena.

A

Chemistry

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2
Q

are self-sustaining systems of chemical reactions.

A

Living organisms

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3
Q

Distinctive properties of Living systems

A
  1. Complicated and highly
    organized
  2. Biological structures serve functional purposes
  3. Living systems are actively engaged in energy transformation
  4. Living systems have a remarkable capacity for self-replication
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4
Q

The most obvious quality of living organisms

A

Complicated and highly
organized

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5
Q

cells possess subcellular structures called __

A

Organelles

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6
Q

Organalles, which are complex assemblies of very large polymeric molecules are called ___

A

Macromolecules

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7
Q

Macromolecules themselves show an exquisite degree of organization in their intricate __

A

three-dimensional architecture

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8
Q

The complex three-dimensional structure of a macromolecules, knows as its __

A

conformation

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9
Q

biological structures play a role in the organism’s existence, from limbs to organs, down to chemical agents of metabolism.

A

Biological structures serve functional purposes

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10
Q

The 5 Biological Structures

A
  • Protein
  • Carbohydrates
  • Nucleic acid
  • Lipid
  • Small Molecules
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11
Q

Mostly sending signals

A

Small molecules

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12
Q

Energy source, energy storage structure

A

Carbohydrates

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13
Q

Energy storage, insulation cushioning of membrane

A

Lipids

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14
Q

Information storage (DNA and RNA)

A

Nucleic acid

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15
Q

Most of the structure and function of the living organism; enzymes

A

Protein

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16
Q

What are proteins made of?

A

long chain of 20 kinds amino acids

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17
Q

What are nucleic acids made of?

A

lond and short chains of nucleic acid bases form DNA, RAN, also ATP and GTP

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18
Q

What are lipids made of?

A

Phosphate or other charged head with long hydrocarbon tail

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19
Q

what are carbohydrates made of?

A

long and short chains of sugar molecules, like glucose, fructose

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20
Q

what are small molecules made of?

A

various molecules such as hormones, vitamins, neurotransmitters, porphyrins

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21
Q

Maintenance of the highly organized structure and activity of living systems depends on their ability to extract energy from the environmen

A

Living systems are actively engaged in energy transformations

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22
Q

What are the two specialized energized biomolecules?

A

ATP and NADPH

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23
Q

What does ATP and NADPH drive?

A
  • Biosynthesis
  • Movement
  • osmotic work against concentration
    gradients
  • light emission
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24
Q

is moving to a condition of increasing disorder or, in thermodynamic terms, maximum entropy

A

Inanimate matter

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25
Q

What characterizes the living state?

A

The living state is characterized by the flow of energy through the organism

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26
Q

What is the steady-state?

A

The state of apparent constancy over time. Energy and material are consumed by the organism and used to maintain its stability and order

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27
Q

What is entropy?

A

A thermodynamic term used to designate that amount of energy in a system that is unavailable to do work

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28
Q

Generation after generation, organisms reproduce virtually identical copies of themselve

A

Living systems have a remarkable capacity for self-replication

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29
Q

Elements that constitute more than 99% of the atoms in the human body

A

H,O,C,N

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30
Q

H,O,C,N constitute more than __% __ _ __ in the human body

A

99% of the atoms

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31
Q

Most abundant atoms in the earth’s crust

A

(O,S,Al, Fe)

-Oxygen
- Silicon
- Aluminum
- Iron

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32
Q

Relatively rare (less than 0.2%)

A

H, C, N. (Hydrogen, carbon, and nitrogen)

33
Q

is the predominant gas in the atmosphere

A

Dinitrogen (N2)

34
Q

What kinds of molecules are biomolecules?

A

All biomolecules contain carbon (C).

35
Q

Property unites H, O, C, and N and renders these atoms so suitable to the chemistry of life.

A
  • Ability to form covalent bonds by electron-pair sharing.
  • Among the lightest elements in the periodic table.
36
Q

Why is carbon so prevalent?

A

Because of its unparalleled versatility in forming stable covalent bonds through electron-pair sharing.

37
Q

Two properties of carbon covalent bonds.

A
  • Able to form covalent bond
  • Tetrahedral nature
38
Q

What is the range in strength for single, double, and triple bonds?

A

Single: 300-400 kJ/mol
Double: 400-600 kJ/mol
Triple: ~900 kJ/mol

39
Q

are the units for building complex structures

A

Simple molecules

40
Q

Inorganic precursors

A

1) Water
2) Carbon dioxide (CO2)
3) Ammonium (NH4+)
4) Dinitrogen (N2)
5) Nitrate (NO3-)

(3-5 are inorganic nitrogen compounds)

41
Q

What are the steps/levels for creating cells (biomolecular order)?

A

Inorganic precursors -> Metabolites -> Building blocks -> Macromolecules -> Supramolecular complexes -> Organelles -> The cell

42
Q

simple organic compounds that are intermediates in cellular energy transformation and in the biosynthesis of various sets of building blocks

A

Metabolites

43
Q

Give the 5 Building blocks

A
  • amino acids
  • sugars
  • nucleotides
  • fatty acids
  • glycerol
44
Q

Metabolites

A

simple organic compounds that are intermediates in cellular energy transformation and in the biosynthesis of varioussets of building blocks

45
Q

What formed . Through covalent linkage of these building blocks?

A

the Macromolecules

46
Q

Give the macromolecues form from buildings blocks

A
  • protein
  • polysaccharides
  • polynucleotides (DNA and RNA)
  • lipids
47
Q

formed/ result of interactions of macromolecules via non-covalent interactions

A

Supramolecular complexes

48
Q

Example of non-covalent interactions to form supramolecular complexes

A

Hydrogen bonds
Ionic attractions
Van der waals forces
Hydrophobic interactions

49
Q

Arise because water molecules prefer to interact with
each other rather than with nonpolar substances

A

Hydrophic interactions

50
Q

form between a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an electronegative atom (such as oxygen or nitrogen) and a second electronegative atom that serves as the hydrogen bond acceptor

A

Hydrogen bond

51
Q

-attractive forces between oppositely charged structures
- the electrical charge is radially distributed, so these interactions may lack the directionality of hydrogen bonds or the precise fit of van der Waals interactions

A

Ionic interactions

52
Q

In Ionic interactions;
The electrical charge is _____ distributed, so these interactions may lack the ______ of hydrogen bonds or the precise fit of van der Waals interactions

A

-radially
- directionality

53
Q

Ionic interactions may involve

A
  • Ions
  • permanent dipoles
  • induced dipoles
54
Q

having a permanent separation of positive and negative charge

A

Permanent dipoles

55
Q

having a temporary separation of positive
and negative charge induced by the environment

A

Induced dipoles

56
Q
  • species possessing discrete
    charges
A

Ions

57
Q

result from the strong tendency of water to exclude nonpolar groups or molecules

A

hydrophic interactions

58
Q
  • result from the induced electrical interactions between closely approaching atoms or molecules
  • negatively charged electron clouds that fluctuate instantaneously in time are attracted to positively charged nuclei and the electrons of nearby atoms
A

Van der Waals forces

59
Q

Unit of life, the smallest entity.

A

The cell

60
Q

Maintenance of Living state

A
  • Some biomolecules must have the capacity to contain the information, or “recipe,” of life.
  • Other biomolecules must have the capacity to translate this information so that the organized structures essential to life are synthesized
  • An orderly mechanism for abstracting energy from the environment must also exist in order to obtain the energy needed to drive these processes
61
Q

What properties of biomolecules endow them with the potential for such remarkable qualities?

A

Biological macromolecules and their building blocks have a “sense” or directionality

62
Q

Has the potential to contain information if the diversity and order of the units are not overly simple or repetitive.

A

Biological Macromolecules Are Informational

63
Q

intermolecular attractions between atoms

A

Weak chemical forces or noncovalent bonds

64
Q

the ordered reaction
pathways by which cellular chemistry
proceeds and biological energy
transformations are accomplished.

A

Metabolic pathways / Cellular Metabolism

65
Q

Properties of Biomolecules

A
  • Biomolecules and its building blocks have a “sense” of directionality
  • informational
  • have characteristic 3D architecture
  • weak forces determine and maintain their structure and interactrion
66
Q

are found only in eukaryotic cells, that is, the cells of “higher” organisms

A

Organelles

67
Q

: the repository of genetic information as contained within the linear sequences of nucleotides in the DNA of chromosomes

A

Nucleus

68
Q

are the “power plants” of cells by virtue of their ability to carry out the energy-releasing aerobic metabolism of carbohydrates and fatty acids, capturing the energy in metabolically useful forms such as ATP

A

Mitochondria

69
Q

endow cells with the ability to carry out photosynthesis

A

Chloroplasts

70
Q

Membranes resemble supramolecular complexes in their construction because they are complexes of proteins and lipids maintained by ___ ___

A

noncovalent forces

71
Q

define the boundaries of cells and organelles

A

Membranes

72
Q

The loss of structural order in these complex macromolecules

A

Denaturation

73
Q

an ion or molecule which donates a pair of electrons to the central metal atom or ion to form a coordination complex

A

ligands

74
Q

accelerate the reaction rates many orders of magnitude and, by selecting the substances undergoing reaction, determine the specific reaction that
takes place

A

Enzymes

75
Q

Thousands of reactions mediated by an equal number of enzymes are occurring at any given instant within the cell.

A

Metabolic Regulation Is Achieved by Controlling the Activity of Enzymes

76
Q

Viruses infecting bacteria are called

A

bacteriophages

77
Q

Mature virus particles arise by encapsulating the nucleic acid within a protein coat called

A

Capsid

78
Q

viruses cause disintegration of the cells that they have infected

A

Cell lysis

79
Q
A

Z Biomolecules (Biochemistry) (12 decks)

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