Chapter 1 FA Notes Flashcards
How does the lymphatic system function?
- Interstitial fluid that comes from the Capillaries, pathogens, cell debris, and cells all go into the lymphatic capillaries
- Lymph Vessels carry that debris into the lymph node
- The lymph nodules (lymphoid tissue containing macrophasges and lymphocytes) clean up the debris, break it down until its not bad
- Then the fluid is carried back into the venous system, restarting the process
How is the nervous system anatomically and functionally organized?
- Brain and spinal cord input integration decision making output generation
- Somatic sensory fibers sense joints, skin, and skeletal muscles
Visceral sensory fibers sense Visceral, and Vessels
3, Visceral motor fibers (autonomic) go to the glands, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle, and its involuntary movements
Somatic motor fibers go to the skeletal muscles Visceral, which is voluntary movement
Plexus - Interconnected network of nerves
CNS Anatomy
White Matter - myelinated axons (relay of signals)
Gray matter - unmyelinated axons, dendrites and cells bodies (processing)
In the spinal cord, there are ascending and descending tracts.
Gray matter is the local spinal circuit
White matter on the outside, gray matter on the inside
What is the anatomy of the autonomic nervous system?
Sympathetic - Divided into T1 and L2, is the stress response of our bodies
Paravertebral ganglia / sympathetic chain ganglia
Sympathetic nerves follow somatic nerves to periphery glands, muscles
Parasympathetic - Normal function
4 cranial nerves
Vagus Nerve (X) - takes care of thoracic area
S2 & S4 - takes care of pelvic area
Diagnostic Imaging
X-Ray - great for bones
CT -
MRI - great for soft tissue
PET - great for localizing cancer
General Anatomy and Histology of the skin
Deep Fascia connects the subcutaneous tissue with the skin ligaments
In the back of the hand, the skin ligaments are long, and sparse
in the palm of your hand, the skin ligaments are short, and stout.
Long ligaments slide, short ligaments dont
Fascia and their Roles
Deep Fascia - outer, circumferential layer. Allows for decreasing friction while maintaining structural support
Intermuscular septa - separates the bundles of muscles to do with function.
Plantar flexor muscles are located in the posterior compartment (calf)
Neurovascular sheath goes around the bundle of arteries veins and nerves - allows movement to happen
General Skeletal System Anatomy
Appendicular skeleton - limb movement, girdles attach limbs to the trunk of the body.
Axial Skeleton - protects organs, supports upright posture
Typical Bone Structure
Proximal Epiphysis - Epiphyseal line is the ossified growth plate. Made up of spongy bone on the inside, and provides structural support. On the outside it is made up of compact bone. Covering the epiphysis is the Articular Cartilage, which is a hyaline cartilage, and its main purpose is to decrease friction.
Diaphysis - made up of compact bone, very dense and lots of bone tissue. Within it is the medullary cavity, and yellow and red marrow.
Red marrow is for creating blood cells. In Yellow marrow it is mostly fat storage.
Distal Epiphysis
Common types of apophyses (bumps) of the bones
Spaces within the bone - Sinus, typically air filled.
Openings or canals - Foramen is a round / oval hole with smooth edges for arteries veins and nerves. Fissure (elongated). Meatus is a larger opening.
Articular Surface - Facet (flat surface). Condyle is a rounded articular surface. Trochlea is a rounded pulley system
Depressions or Grooves - Fossa is a broad shallow depression. Grooves (little ditch)
Apophyses - Elongated Bumps are larger bumps like the crest. Narrow small bumps are like the line. Epicondyle next to an articular surface.
Processes - sharp/thin like the spine. Ramus is connecting “rod” like. They can be large/blunt/round like the trochanter or tuberosity. They can also be small/round/blunt like the tubercle and protuberance. Malleolus are rounded, not articular like the ankle
Main types of joints
Fibrous joints - Sutures - Least movement
Syndesmosis - Bones joined by fibrous connective tissue (interosseous membrane)
Cartilaginous - Synchondroses are joined by cartilage
Primary Cartilaginous - Epiphyseal plate
Secondary cartilaginous - Intervertebral Disc
Synovial Joint - Filled with synovial fluid. Made for movement
Additional Structures of joints
Ligaments help hold the bones of the joints together and resists excessive movement.
Meniscus (cup-like), articular labra, and articular disc helps stabilize joints, and increase stability of joints. Made of fibrocartilage
Bursae - Sacs of synovial membrane. Develop where there are areas of friction within joints together- decrease friction.
Anatomy of skeletal muscle
Actin and Myosin (microfilaments), myofibril, muscle fiber, muscle fascicles, muscle
Connective tissue links the epimysium to the tendon. The tendon attaches to the bone.
Functional Relationships between muscles?
Prime mover (agonist) - Most effect on movement, a muscle that is contracting
Antagonist (oppose the agonist) - relaxing
Synergist (fixator) Muscle that is also contracting, and helping/assisting the prime mover
Anatomy of the cardiovascular system
Pulmonary - Blood flow to the lungs
Systemic - Blood flow to the body
Coronary - Supplies heart muscle
Arteries have pulse points (arteries near surface)
Venous system has superficial veins (within superficial facia), and Deep veins (run within neurovascular bundles, and accompany arteries)
Arteries vs Veins
Veins - Have thinner walls, and are flat, and collapsed
Arteries - Thick, round tube
What are anastomoses and how do they contribute to collateral circulation
Collateral circulation - Multiple supply / drainage paths for veins
Anastomoses, two supplies of blood coming and leading head on
