Chapter 1: Emergency and Critical Care Management Flashcards

1
Q

προσέγγιση παιδιού που δεν ανταποκρίνεται

A

C - A - B
Circulation - Airway - Breathing

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2
Q

τι περιλαμβανει το Circulation check (6)

A
  1. ψηλάφηση σφυγμού: βραχιόνιος σε βρεφη, καρωτίδες ή μηριαίες σε μεγαλύτερα παιδιά,
  2. αιμάτωση ιστών: επισκοπηση χρωματος δερματος (ωχροτητα, κυανωση) και χρονος επαναπληρωσης τριχοειδων (>2 sec = καθυστερηση),
  3. συχνότητα σφύξεων:
    σφύξεις < 60/λεπτό και κακή περιφερική αιμάτωση –> CPR,
    ταχυκαρδία > 220 μάλλον παθολογική ταχυαρρυθμία,
  4. ρυθμός σφύξεων,
  5. μετρηση αρτηριακης πιεσης,
  6. ποσοτητα ουρων:
    1.5-2 mL / kg / hr σε βρεφη
    1 σε μεγαλυτερα
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3
Q

κατηγοριες σοκ (4)

A
  1. υπογκαιμικό:
    ειτε λογω ανεπαρκους προσληψης υγρων ειτε λογω αυξημενης απωλειας (αιμορραγιες, γαστρεντεριτιδες, εγκαυματα).

συνηθως εχουμε ταχυκαρδια, μικρου ευρους σφυγμο, μειωμενο χρονο επαναπ. τριχοειδων και ψυχρα ακρα,

  1. καρδιογενές:
    συγγενεις καρδιοπαθειες, μυοκαρδιτιδα, μυοκαρδιοπαθειες, αρρυθμιες.

συνηθως αυξημενο αναπνευστικο εργο λογω πνευμονικου οιδηματος, ηπατομεγαλια, διατεταμενες σφαγιτιδες και κυανωση,

  1. κατανομής:
    σήψη, αναφυλαξία, νευρογενές,
  2. αποφρακτικό: : tension pneumothorax, cardiac tamponade, pulmonary
    embolism, ductal-dependent congenital cardiac abnormalities
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4
Q

θεραπεια των σοκ (υπογκαιμικο και σηπτικο)

A

σε ολα τα σοκ χορηγουμε 100% οξυγονο ανεξαρτητα απο τον κορεσμο για βελτιστοποιηση της αιματωσης των ιστων.

  1. υπογκαιμικό –>
    α. ισοτονικά κρυσταλλοειδή,
    β. σε αιμορραγίες 10 mL / kg συμπυκνωμένα ερυθρά bolus,
    γ. σκέφτομαι τα κολλοειδή αν τα κρυσταλλοειδή δε βοηθούν,
  2. σηπτικό –>
    α. μεσα στην 1η ωρα δινω ισοτονικα κρυσταλλοειδη, αντιβιοτικα και λιγη υδροκορτιζόνη,
    β. αν ειναι warm –> νορεπινεφρίνη ή ντοπαμίνη,
    γ. αν ειναι cold –> επινεφρίνη ή ντοπαμινη
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5
Q

κλινικη εικονα αναφυλαξιας (4)

A

Rapid-onset (minutes to hours) usually immunoglobulin
E (IgE)-mediated systemic allergic reaction involving multiple organ systems, including two or more of the following:

a. Cutaneous/mucosal (80% to 90%): flushing, urticaria, pruritis, angioedema

b. Respiratory (70%): laryngeal edema, bronchospasm, dyspnea, wheezing, stridor, hypoxemia

c. Gastrointestinal (45%): vomiting, diarrhea, nausea, crampy abdominal pain

d. Circulatory (45%): tachycardia, hypotension, syncope

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6
Q

θεραπεια αναφυλαξιας (7)

A

a. Stop exposure to precipitating antigen.

b. While performing A-B-Cs, immediately give intramuscular (IM) epinephrine into midanterolateral thigh.

c. Provide oxygen and ventilatory assistance. Consider early endotracheal intubation.

d. Obtain IV access. For management of shock, resuscitate with 20 mL/kg isotonic crystalloid fluid boluses and vasoactive agents as needed.

e. Place the patient in Trendelenburg position (head 30 degrees below feet).

f. Consider adjuvant pharmacologic agents:
(1) Histamine receptor antagonist: Diphenhydramine (H1-
antagonism) and ranitidine/famotidine (H2-antagonism)
(2) Corticosteroid: Methylprednisolone or dexamethasone
(3) Inhaled β2 agonist: Albuterol

g. Symptoms may recur (“biphasic anaphylaxis”) up to 72 hours after initial recovery.
(1) Observe for a minimum of 4 to 10 hours for late-phase symptoms.
(2) Discharge with an epinephrine autoinjector and an anaphylaxis
action plan.

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7
Q

συχνότερα 3 αίτια απόφραξης ανώτερου αεραγωγού

A
  1. Epiglottitis,
  2. Croup,
  3. Foreign body aspiration
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8
Q

ηλικια επιγλωττιτιδας

A

Most often affects children between 1 and 7 years, but may
occur at any age.

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9
Q

αίτια επιγλωττίτιδας (4) και ποια τα συχνοτερα παθογονα (4)

A

May be caused by infection, thermal injury, caustic ingestion, or
foreign body

Most common infectious organisms include Haemophilus
influenzae (unvaccinated), Streptococcus pneumoniae, group A
streptococci, and Staphylococcus aureus.

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10
Q

κλινικη εικονα επιγλωττιτιδας (6)

A

febrile, toxic-appearing, and tripoding in
respiratory distress. Drooling, dysphagia and inspiratory stridor
are common. Barky cough is absent.

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11
Q

θεραπεια επιγλωττιτιδας (4)

A
  1. Avoid any agitation of the child prior to securing airway
    to prevent impending complete obstruction,
  2. Allow child to assume a position of comfort. Unobtrusively provide blow-by oxygen. Monitor with pulse oximetry,
  3. To secure airway, emergently consult difficult airway personnel (pediatric anesthesiologist, intensivist, and/or otolaryngologist):
    (a) If unstable (unresponsive, cyanotic, bradycardic), emergently intubate.
    (b) If stable with high suspicion, escort patient to OR for laryngoscopy and intubation under general anesthesia. Equipment
    for tracheotomy should be readily available.
    (c) If stable with moderate or low suspicion, obtain lateral
    neck radiograph to assess for “thumb sign” of an inflamed
    epiglottis,
  4. Initiate broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy (e.g., vancomycin and Ceftriaxone)
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12
Q

Croup ορισμος και ηλικιες

A

Common infectious inflammation of the subglottic area.
Most common in infants aged 6 to 36 months.

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13
Q

συχνοτερο αιτιο croup

A

75% of infections are caused by parainfluenza virus.

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14
Q

croup κλινικη εικονα (4)

A
  1. fever,
  2. barking cough,
  3. inspiratory stridor, and
  4. increased work of breathing, often worse at night.
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15
Q

θεραπεια croup (4)

A

(1) Administer oxygen to children with hypoxemia or severe respiratory distress. Consider humidified air, although current consensus suggests it is ineffective for mild to moderate disease,

(2) If no stridor at rest, give dexamethasone. Consider nebulized
budesonide in patients vomiting or who lack IV access,

(3) If stridor at rest, give dexamethasone and nebulized racemic epinephrine. Observe for 2 to 4 hours given short duration of action of nebulized epinephrine,

(4) Consider heliox (helium and oxygen mixture) to improve turbulent airflow in moderate to severe croup, although benefit is
controversial.

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16
Q

ποτε νοσηλευεις croup (4)

A

Indications for hospitalization include >1 racemic epinephrine
nebulization required, atypical age (<6 months), severe respiratory distress, or dehydration.

17
Q

θεραπεια ασθματικης κρισης (4)

A

a. Provide oxygen to achieve SpO2 ≥90%. If hypoxemia not readily corrected with supplemental oxygen, consider pneumothorax, pneumonia, methemoglobinemia, or other process,

b. φάρμακα:
Short-acting β2 agonist (albuterol),
Anticholinergics (Ipratropium bromide),
Systemic corticosteroids,
Injected β2 agonist (επινεφρίνη),
συμπληρωματικά (θειϊκό μαγνήσιο, κεταμίνη, αμινοφυλλίνη),

c. Ventilation interventions:
(1) Normalizing pCO2 can be a sign of impending respiratory
failure.

(2) NIPPV (e.g., BiPAP) may be used in patients with impending
respiratory failure to avoid intubation but requires a cooperative
patient with spontaneous respirations,

(3) Intubation should be approached cautiously given the risk of worsening air-trapping and difficulty in managing the transition from extremely negative to positive pressure ventilation.
(a) Indications include severe airway obstruction, markedly
increased work of breathing, refractory hypoxemia, and
impending respiratory arrest.
(b) Ventilation strategies include slower rates with prolonged expiratory phase, minimal end-expiratory pressures, and short
inspiratory times to minimize hyperinflation and air trapping.

(4) Consider inhaled anesthetics or ECMO as rescue therapies.

18
Q

κλιμακα γλασκωβης

A

ΑΝΟΙΓΜΑ ΟΦΘΑΛΜΩΝ:
4 = ΑΥΤΟΜΑΤΑ, 3 = ΟΜΙΛΙΑ, 2 = ΣΕ ΠΟΝΟ, 1 = ΚΑΘΟΛΟΥ

ΛΕΚΤΙΚΑ ΕΡΕΘΙΣΜΑΤΑ:
5 = ΠΡΟΣΑΝΑΤΟΛΙΣΜΕΝΟ, 4 = ΣΥΓΧΥΣΜΕΝΟ, 3 = ΑΚΥΡΕΣ ΛΕΞΕΙΣ, 2 = ΑΚΥΡΟΙ ΗΧΟΙ, 1 = ΤΙΠΟΤΑ,

ΚΙΝΗΣΗ:
6 = ΑΚΟΛΟΥΘΕΙ ΕΝΤΟΛΕΣ, 5 = ΕΝΤΟΠΙΖΕΙ ΠΟΝΟ, 4 = ΜΑΖΕΥΕΤΑΙ ΣΤΟΝ ΠΟΝΟ, 3 = ΠΑΘΟΛΟΓΙΚΗ ΚΑΜΨΗ, 2 = ΠΑΘΟΛΟΓΙΚΗ ΕΚΤΑΣΗ, 1 = ΤΙΠΟΤΑ

19
Q

θεραπεια υπογλυκαιμιας

A

5 to 10 mL/kg bolus of 10% dextrose or 2 to 4 mL/kg of 25% dextrose. After bolus,
start a continuous infusion of dextrose-containing fluids to avoid
recurrent hypoglycemia.

20
Q

ορισμος status epilepticus

A

Prolonged seizure (clinical or electrographic) or recurrent
seizure activity without return to baseline lasting 5 minutes or more.

21
Q

αιτια για οξυ status epilepticus (10)

A
  1. febrile seizures,
  2. metabolic disturbances,
  3. sepsis,
  4. head trauma,
  5. stroke/hemorrhage,
  6. drug toxicity,
  7. inadequate antiepileptic therapy,
  8. hypoxia,
  9. hypertensive encephalopathy,
  10. autoimmune encephalitis
22
Q

αιτια για χρονιο status epilepticus (5)

A
  1. preexisting epilepsy,
  2. tumor,
  3. stroke,
  4. inborn error of metabolism,
  5. ethanol abuse
23
Q

θεραπεια status epilepticus

A

αντιεπιληπτικά

24
Q
A