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A Level Biology (Eduqas) > Chapter 1 Chemical Elements & Biological Compounds > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Chemical Elements & Biological Compounds Flashcards

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1
Q

Define organic

A

Molecules that have a high proportion of carbon atoms.

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2
Q

Define inorganic

A

A molecule or ion that has no more than one carbon atom

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3
Q

Define macronutrients give an example

A

A chemical element required in large amounts for plant growth
E.G potassium, magnesium, calcium

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4
Q

Define micronutrients

A

A chemical element or substance required in trace amounts for the normal growth and development of living organisms

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5
Q

What are the functions of Nitrogen? (2)

A

Major component of amino acids

Essential for protein synthesis

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6
Q

How does nitrogen enter the food chain?

A

Enters food chain as nitrate ions through plant roots.

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7
Q

What is the function of magnesium?

A

Essential for tooth and bone structure
A cofactor for many enzymes
Essential for photosynthesis-part of chlorophyll molecule

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8
Q

What can happen to plants if they have a magnesium deficiency?

A

Chlorosis: growth becomes stunted,leaves become yellow and then die

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9
Q

What is the function of calcium?

A

Essential for middle lamella between plant cells and for strength in cell wall structure
Constituent of bone, enamel and shells
Activates ATPase during muscle contraction
Needed for blood clotting

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10
Q

What is the function of iron?

A

Element necessary for haem group in haemoglobin and myoglobin
Needed for cytochromes (electron carriers) in cell respiration
Needed for some enzymes

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11
Q

In humans what can be caused by the lack of iron?

A

Anaemia

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12
Q

What is the function of phosphorus?

A

Essential for the synthesis of nucleus acids
Essential component of bone and enamel
Essential component of phospholipids

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13
Q

What is the structure of water?

A

One atom of oxygen covalently bonded with two atoms of hydrogen

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14
Q

Water is a dipole, define dipole.

A

A polar molecule with a positive charge and a negative charge, separated by a very small distance

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15
Q

Where are the positive and negative charges in water?

A

The hydrogen’s are slightly positively charged and the oxygen is slightly negatively charged

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16
Q

Why is water a good solvent?

A

Due to it’s bipolar nature water allows salts dissolve through the attraction of opposite charges

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17
Q

Define specific heat capacity

A

The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of a substance

18
Q

Water has a high specific heat capacity, what does this allow it to be used for?

A

Medium to live in
Medium for chemical reactions to take place
Coolant
Temperature buffer

19
Q

Define latent heat of vaporisation

A

This is the heat energy absorbed by liquid water to change into a gas

20
Q

Water has a specific latent heat of vaporisation, how is this used in living organisms?

A

The heat energy can be removed from living organisms to cool and control body temperature through sweating, panting, etc…

21
Q

Define adhesion

A

Forces of attraction between water molecules and other molecules

22
Q

Define cohesion

A

Forces of attraction between water molecules. This creates surface tension.

23
Q

Define carbohydrates

A

Hydrated carbon molecules

24
Q

Define monosaccharides

A

An individual sugar molecule

25
Q

What is the general formula for monosaccharides ?

A

(CH2O)n

26
Q

How many carbon atoms does a triose sugar have?

A

3

27
Q

How many carbon atoms does a pentose sugar have?

A

5

28
Q

How many carbon atoms does a hexose sugar have?

A

6

29
Q

What is an example of a hexose sugar?

A

Glucose

30
Q

Define isomers

A

Molecules that have the same chemical formula but a different arrangement of atoms

31
Q

What are the two isomers of glucose and what is the difference between them?

A

Alpha glucose and beta glucose

The positions of the hydrogen and hydroxyl group are different

32
Q

Define disaccharide

A

Two monosaccharide units bonded together with a glycosidic bond by condensation reaction.

33
Q

What is a condensation reaction?

A

A chemical process in which two molecules combine to form a more complex molecule, with the elimination of one water molecule

34
Q

What is a glycosidic bond?

A

An oxygen bridge formed between two molecules

35
Q

What monosaccharides is maltose made up of?

A

Glucose and glucose

36
Q

Give an example of a biological role of maltose

A

Germinating seeds

37
Q

What monosaccharides is sucrose made of?

A

Glucose and fructose

38
Q

What is a biological role of sucrose?

A

Transport in phloem of flowering plants

39
Q

What monosaccharides is lactose made of?

A

Glucose and galactose

40
Q

What is a biological role of lactose?

A

In mammalian milk

A Level Biology (Eduqas) (23 decks)

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