Chapter 1: Cellular Function Flashcards
Movement of solutes from a high to lower concentration
Diffusion
Simple or protein channel facilitated movement that does not use energy
Passive diffusion
Movement of solutes against a concentration gradient
Active diffusion
Occurs during anaerobic metabolization which means there is a lack of O2
Lactic acid
The movement of water or any solvent across the cell membrane from low solute concentration to high solute concentration
Osmosis
The pressure required to prevent the passage of solvent through a semipermeable membrane
Osmotic pressure
Draws water in to the cell, protein mediated
Oncotic pressure
process of bring something into the call that is too large to enter
endocytosis
Cellular eating
Phagocytosis
Cellular drinking
Pinocytosis
Release of material from cell onto cell membrane
Exocytosis
Where do cells get their energy from?
Glucose and triglycerides
Transmitted genetic information
Genotype
Outward expression of a gene
Phenotype
What are the five parts of Mitosis?
Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
Phase of cellular growth, DNA duplication
Interphase
Phase of chromosome condensation
Prophase
Phase where chromosomes align
Metaphase
Phase where chromosomes move to opposite poles
Anaphase
Phase where new cell membranes are formed
Telophase
Type of cell that lines the outside and interior portions of the body
Epithelial cells
Purpose of the epithelial cells
protect, absorb, secrete, and excrete
The most common function is to support, attach and store
Connective tissue
3 types of connective tissue
Collagen, elastic, and recticular
Cellular adaptation from decreased work demand on cells
Atrophy
Cellular adaptation that causes an increase in cell size
Hypertrophy
Cellular adaptation that causes an increase in cellular number
Hyperplasia
Cellular adaptation that causes immature cells to replace adult cells
Metaplasia
Cells mutate into different sizes, shapes
Dysplasia
What occurs in necrosis that does not occur in apoptosis?
Inflammation (In apoptosis, there is no inflammation because cellular components are engulfed)
Enzymes dissolve and liquify necrotic cells
Liquification necrosis
Necrotic cells disintegrate but cellular debris remains in the area for months
Caseous necrosis
results from an interruption in blood Flow
Coagulative necrosis
Loss of differentiation that occurs with cells
Anaplasia
Hallmarks of cancer include:
Evading growth suppressors, limitless replication, genomic instability, increased glycolysis, avades apoptosis
Phase of carcinogenesis where DNA is damaged or mutated
Initiation
Phase in carcinogenesis where mutated cells promote growth
Promotion
Phase in carcinogenesis where cells invade, metastasize
Progression
What are the clinical manifestations of cancer
Anemia, fatigue, infection, cachexia, leukopenia, pain
What is the cancer cure definition
The five year survival without recurrence after diagnosis
What are the four modes of inheritance?
Autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-linked dominant, and X-linked recessive
Inherited degenerative generalized disorder of the connective tissue
Clinical manifestations: Ocular, musculoskeletal, and cardiovascular disorders -autosomal dominant
Marfan Syndrome
Neurogenic tumors arising from Schwann cells. higher incidence of learning disabilities and seizures - autosomal dominant
Neurofibromatosis
Deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase, autosomal recessive,
Phenylketonuria
Progressive disorder from mutation in HEXA gene on chromosome
15, exaggerated moro reflex, delayed motor movement
Tay-Sachs Disease
Why are males more affected by X linked disorders
They only have one x chromosome
X-linked dominant disorder associated with FMR1 on X
chromosome
Fragile X syndrome
More than the normal 23 pairs of chromosomes in a cell
Polyploidy
Abormal separation during cell division that causes too many or too few chromosomes
Aneuploidy
Deletion of part or all of X chromosome (only affects females)
Turner syndrome
One or more extra X chromosome and at least one Y
Klinefelter syndrome
