Chapter 1: Cell Biology.

Question 1

[SO4] ECF

Answer 1

1

Question 2

[Protein] ECF

Answer 2

16

Question 3

[PO4] ECF

Answer 3

2

Question 4

[Ca] ICF

Answer 4

10 x -7

Question 5

[Mg] ICF

Answer 5

7

Question 6

[Cl-] ICF

Answer 6

3

Question 7

[HCO3] ICF

Answer 7

10

Question 8

[SO4] ICF

Answer 8

-

Question 9

[HPO4] ICF

Answer 9

116

Question 10

[Protein] ICF

Answer 10

40

Question 11

Examples of transcription factors

Answer 11

Steroid hormones, thyroid hormones, AP-1, NF-kB, STAT, NFAT

Question 12

The process where 2 pyruvate molecules (from the breakdown of 1 glucose) create NADH and FADH2

Answer 12

Krebs cycle

Question 13

Why are fat and lipids not available for gluconeogenesis?

Answer 13

Because acetyl CoA (breakdown product of fat metabolism) cannot be converted back to pyruvate.

Question 14

Keratin (hair/nails), desmin (muscle), vimentin (fibroblasts).

Answer 14

Intermediate filaments.

Question 15

What occurs during G2 and M phase of the cell cycle?

Answer 15

Mitosis and division of the nucleus

Question 16

What main thing occurs during telophase of the cell cycle?

Answer 16

A separate nucleus reforms around each set of chromosomes

Question 17

Which 2 substrates are used to make glucose during gluconeogenesis?

Answer 17

Lactic acid (Cori cycle) Amino acids

Question 18

How many energy molecules are generated during glycolysis of one molecule of glucose?

Answer 18

2 ATP and 2 molecules of pyruvate

Question 19

What type of molecule are the ABO blood-type antigens?

Answer 19

Glycolipids

Question 20

Does cholesterol increase or decrease cell membrane fluidity?

Answer 20

It increases fluidity

Question 21

Which phase of the cell cycle is the most variable from cell to cell and dictates the length of different cell cycles?

Answer 21

G1 phase

Question 22

What type of molecule are the HLA-type antigens?

Answer 22

Glycoproteins

Question 23

Which hormone type binds receptors in the nucleus and then acts as a transcription factor?

Answer 23

Thyroid hormones

Question 24

What 3 main things occur during prophase of the cell cycle?

Answer 24

Centromere attachment Spindle formation Nucleus disappears

Question 25

What is the Cori cycle?

Answer 25

Mechanism in which the liver converts muscle lactate into new glucose [Pyruvate plays a key role in the process]

Question 26

What role do initiation factors have in the cell?

Answer 26

They bind RNA polymerase and initiate transcription

Question 27

Which hormone type binds receptors in the cytoplasm and then enters the nucleus and then acts as a transcription factor?

Answer 27

Steroid hormones

Question 28

What occurs during G1 and S phase of the cell cycle?

Answer 28

Protein synthesis and chromosomal duplication

Question 29

What activates Protein Kinase A?

Answer 29

cAMP [Protein Kinase A phosphorylates other enzymes and proteins]

Question 30

What is the quantity and direction of exchange performed by the Na/K ATPase?

Answer 30

3 Na out / 2 K in

Question 31

During which phase of the cell cycle do growth factors affect the cell?

Answer 31

G1 phase

Question 32

Which 2 molecules activate Protein Kinase C?

Answer 32

Calcium Diacylglycerol (DAG) [Protein Kinase C phosphorylates other enzymes and proteins]

Question 33

What is used for co-transport of glucose, proteins, and other molecules across the cell membrane?

Answer 33

The Na gradient created by the Na/K ATPase

Question 34

Where in the cell are ribosomes made?

Answer 34

In the nucleus