Chapter 1: Cell Biology. Flashcards
[SO4] ECF
1
[Protein] ECF
16
[PO4] ECF
2
[Ca] ICF
10 x -7
[Mg] ICF
7
[Cl-] ICF
3
[HCO3] ICF
10
[SO4] ICF
-
[HPO4] ICF
116
[Protein] ICF
40
Examples of transcription factors
Steroid hormones, thyroid hormones, AP-1, NF-kB, STAT, NFAT
The process where 2 pyruvate molecules (from the breakdown of 1 glucose) create NADH and FADH2
Krebs cycle
Why are fat and lipids not available for gluconeogenesis?
Because acetyl CoA (breakdown product of fat metabolism) cannot be converted back to pyruvate.
Keratin (hair/nails), desmin (muscle), vimentin (fibroblasts).
Intermediate filaments.
What occurs during G2 and M phase of the cell cycle?
Mitosis and division of the nucleus
What main thing occurs during telophase of the cell cycle?
A separate nucleus reforms around each set of chromosomes
Which 2 substrates are used to make glucose during gluconeogenesis?
Lactic acid (Cori cycle) Amino acids
How many energy molecules are generated during glycolysis of one molecule of glucose?
2 ATP and 2 molecules of pyruvate
What type of molecule are the ABO blood-type antigens?
Glycolipids
Does cholesterol increase or decrease cell membrane fluidity?
It increases fluidity
Which phase of the cell cycle is the most variable from cell to cell and dictates the length of different cell cycles?
G1 phase
What type of molecule are the HLA-type antigens?
Glycoproteins
Which hormone type binds receptors in the nucleus and then acts as a transcription factor?
Thyroid hormones
What 3 main things occur during prophase of the cell cycle?
Centromere attachment Spindle formation Nucleus disappears
What is the Cori cycle?
Mechanism in which the liver converts muscle lactate into new glucose [Pyruvate plays a key role in the process]
What role do initiation factors have in the cell?
They bind RNA polymerase and initiate transcription
Which hormone type binds receptors in the cytoplasm and then enters the nucleus and then acts as a transcription factor?
Steroid hormones
What occurs during G1 and S phase of the cell cycle?
Protein synthesis and chromosomal duplication
What activates Protein Kinase A?
cAMP [Protein Kinase A phosphorylates other enzymes and proteins]
What is the quantity and direction of exchange performed by the Na/K ATPase?
3 Na out / 2 K in
During which phase of the cell cycle do growth factors affect the cell?
G1 phase
Which 2 molecules activate Protein Kinase C?
Calcium Diacylglycerol (DAG) [Protein Kinase C phosphorylates other enzymes and proteins]
What is used for co-transport of glucose, proteins, and other molecules across the cell membrane?
The Na gradient created by the Na/K ATPase
Where in the cell are ribosomes made?
In the nucleus
