Chapter 1 Book Notes Flashcards
a specific act of commission in violation to the law, for which a punishment is prescribed
Crime
Priorities and actions developed by government to use public resources as a means to deal with issues effecting society
Public Policy
policies developed through guidance from research studies that demonstrate which approaches are most useful & cost effective for advancing desired goals
Evidence-based Practices
model of the criminal justice system that assumes freedom is so important that every effort must be make to repress crime; it emphasizes efficiency, speed, finality and the capacity to apprehend, try, convict, and dispose of a high proportion of offenders
Crime Control Model
model that assumes freedom is so important that every effort must be made to ensure that criminal justice decisions are based on reliable information; it emphasizes the adversarial process, the rights to defendants and formal decision making procedures
Due Process Model
Offenses that are wrong by their very nature
Mala in se
Offenses prohibited by law bit not wrong in themselves
Mala Prohibita
Offenses less serious than felonies and usual punishable by in carnation of now more than one year, probation or intermediate sections
Misdemeanors
Offense against persons or property that is committed primarily by members of the lower social classes. reffered to as “street crime” or “ordinary Crime”
Visible Crime
crimes in which property is damaged or stolen
Property Crimes
Acts such as public drunkenness & disorderly conduct, which threaten society’s well being & make citizens fearful
Public Order Crimes
Offenses involving a willing & private exchange of illegals good or services that are in strong demand participants don’t feel they are being harmed but these crimes are prosecuted on the grounds that society as a whole is being harmed
Victimless Crimes
act, usually done for ideological purposes, that constitutes a threat against the state (Such as treason, sedation or espionage) or a criminal act by a state
Political Crime
Criminal offense committed through opportunities created in a legal business or occupation
Occupational Crime
Framework for the perpetration of criminal acts usually in fields such as gambling, drugs and prostitution providing illegal services that are great in demand
Organized Crime
Moving the proceeds of criminal activities through a maze of businesses, banks, and brokerage accounts in order to disguise their origin
Money Laundering
Profit seeking criminal activities that involve planning, execution or victimization that crosses national borders
Transnational Crimes
Offenses that involve the use of one or more computer
Cybercrimes
Theft of social security numbers, credit card numbers and other information in order to secure loans, withdraw bank funds and purchase merchandise while posing as someone else, the unsuspecting victim will eventually lose money in these transactions
Identity Theft
Metaphor referring to the significant yet undefined extent of crime that is never reported to the police
Dark Figure of Crime
Annual published statistical summary of crimes reported to the police based on voluntary reports to the FBI y local, state & Federal law enforcement Agencies
Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)
reporting system in which the police describe each offense in a crime incident, together with date describing the offender victim and property
National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)
Interviews of samples of the U.S Population conducted by the Bureau of Justice Statistics to determine the number of types of criminal victimization and thus the extent of unreported as well as reported crime
National Crime Victimization Survey (NCUS)
