Chapter 1 - Bonding And Isomerism (w/ Functional Groups) Flashcards
Deal only with substances obtained from living matter
Organic Chemistry
proved that organic compounds can
be synthesized in the laboratory
Friedrich Wohler
Smallest particle of an element that retains all chemical properties of that element
Atoms
Characteristics of a nucleus (2)
- Positively-charged
- Contains most of the mass of the atom
Location of protons and neutrons
Nucleus
Location of electrons
Electron cloud
Same number of protons but different number of neutrons and nuclear decay processes
Isotopes
Equation for Mass Number
of protons (Z) + # of neutrons
G.N. Lewis developed this as one of the earliest successful pictures of chemical bonding
Octet Rule
What is the noble gas electron configuration?
8 valence shell electrons in 4 orbitals
Form between a metal form the left of periodic table and a nonmetal from the right
Ionic Bonding
Minimum amount of energy required to remove an electron
Ionization energy
Amount of energy released when an electron is added
Electron Affinity
What happens to the attractive forces and repulsive forces in ionic bonding?
- Attractive forces between ions of opposite charges are maximized.
- Repulsive forces between like charges are minimized.
Bonding that shares electrons between two nonmetals, or metalloid to nonmetal
Covalent Bonding
Simplest example of Covalent Bonding
H2
True or False: The more e- pairs that atoms share the closer the atoms are pulled together
True
(Triple bond < double bond < single bond)
True or False: Carbon is either strongly electropositive nor strongly electronegative
False
(It is neither)
Ability of an element to form chains of its own atoms through covalent bonding
Catenation
Molecular fragment with an odd number of unshared electrons
Radical
Ability of an atom to attract bonding e to itself
Electronegativity
Electron pair is not shared equally between two atoms
Polar Covalent Bonds
True or False: Electronegativity of elements increases from left to right across the period, and from bottom to top within a group
True
Number of bonds that an atom of the element can form
Valence
Type of chain where atoms are bonded one after another
Continuous chain
Type of chain where some atoms form branches from the longest continuous chain
Branched chain
True or False: As the number of C increases, the number of possible isomers decreases
False
(Number of possible isomers also increases)
Symbols used to show how electron pairs can be moved to convert one structure to another
Curved arrows (for Resonance)
An orbital with a spherical shape where it gets larger in size as the shell number increases
S orbital
An orbital that has a dumbbell shape, mutually
perpendicular, oriented along x, y, and z axes
P orbital
o no rings
o may be branched or unbranched
Acyclic
o contain rings of carbon atoms
o smallest possible ring has 3 carbon atoms
o ringscomeinmanysizesandshapes
o may have carbon atoms attached to them and
may contain multiple bonds
Carbocyclic
o have rings containing at least one atom that is
not carbon nor hydrogen
o largest class of molecular frameworks
Heterocyclic
Acyclic, Carbocyclic, or Heterocyclic:
Pentane and Neopentane
Acyclic
Acyclic, Carbocyclic, or Heterocyclic:
Five- and six-membered rings
Carbocyclic
Acyclic, Carbocyclic, or Heterocyclic:
Oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur
Heterocyclic
True or False: There is no functional group in alkane
True
Functional group with carbon-oxygen single bonds
Alcohol and Ether
Functional groups with carbon-oxygen double bonds (2)
Aldehyde and Ketone
Functional groups with single and double carbon-oxygen bonds (2)
Carboxylic acid and Ester
Functional groups containing nitrogen (2)
Primary Amine and Nitrile
Functional group with oxygen and nitrogen
Amide
Functional group with halogen
Alkyl or aryl halide
Functional groups containing sulfur (2)
Thiol and thioester
Functional group that contains a hydrogen atom directly bonded to the carbonyl carbon
Aldehyde
Functional group that contains an OH group directly bonded to the carbonyl carbon
Carboxylic acid
Functional group that contains an OR group directly bonded to the carbonyl carbon
Ester
