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Chapter 1 - Biological Organization Flashcards

0
Q

Which domain(s) include cells with nuclear membrane?

A

Eukarya

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1
Q

Which domain(s) include single cell organisms without a nuclear membrane?

A

Bacteria and Archaea

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2
Q

The domain bacteria includes everything that ends in -bacteria (Green nonsulfur bacteria, Gram+ bacteria, Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria, flavobacteria) AND what else?

A

Thermotogales

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3
Q

Archaea includes what?

A

METHANO- : -sarcina, -bacterium, -coccus
THERMO- : -proteus, -coccus
PYRODICTIUM & HALOPHILES

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4
Q

Eukarya includes what?

A

Animals, plants, fungi, slime molds, entamoebae, ciliates, flagellates, trichomonads, diplomonads, microsporidia

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5
Q

What’s the cell size of prokaryotic cells?

A

1-10 micrometers

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6
Q

Prokaryotic cells include which domains?

A

Bacteria & archaea (typically single-cell microorganisms)

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7
Q

What’s the purpose of flagella and pili?

A

Flagella for mobility and pili for adhesion

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8
Q

What is plasma membrane and and layers surrounding the plasma membrane called? It can be formed from what?

A

Cell envelope

Can be formed from membranes and peptidoglycans

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9
Q

What is enclosed by plasma membrane? What does it include?

A

Cytoplasm

Includes cytosol, nucleoid, cytoskeleton

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10
Q

Aqueous solution containing biomolecules in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

A

Cytosol

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11
Q

Genetic material of prokaryotic cells, no membrane

A

Nucleoid

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12
Q

Made of protein, provides structure and organization to cytoplasm, is dynamic in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Supports cell, aids in movement of organelles

Protein filaments forming a meshwork

A

Cytoskeleton

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13
Q

What’s the function of the ribosomes?

A

They synthesize proteins from mRNA

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14
Q

What’s the most studied bacterium? What’s the size and how many ribosomes does it contain?

A

E.Coli
~ 2 micrometers long x 1 micrometers in diameter
Contains 15,000 ribosomes

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15
Q

What’s the size of eukaryotic cells?

A

5-100 micrometers

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16
Q

Outer membrane of eukaryotic cells is a dynamic structure of what?

A

Lipids and proteins

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17
Q

What contains the genetic material and is enclosed by a membrane in eukaryotic cells

A

Nucleus

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18
Q

What is enclosed by the outer membrane in eukaryotic cells?

A

Cytoplasm;

Includes cytosol, organelles, cytoskeleton

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19
Q

Enclosed by inner membranes in eukaryotic cells?

Not found in prokaryotic cells!

A

Organelles

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20
Q

what segregates chromatin (DNA+protein) from cytoplasm?

A

Nuclear envelope

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21
Q

What separates the cell from the environment, regulates the movement of materials into and out of the cell?

A

Plasma membrane

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22
Q

What oxidizes fuels to produce ATP?

A

Mitochondrion

23
Q

What is the site of much protein synthesis?

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

24
What is the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis?
Nucleolus
25
What is the site of lipid synthesis and drug metabolism?
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
26
What processes, packages, and targets proteins to other organelles or for export?
Golgi Complex
27
What shuttles lipids and proteins between ER, Golgi, and plasma membrane?
Transport vesicles
28
What degrades intercellular debris?
Lysosomes
29
What oxidizes fatty acids?
Peroxisome
30
What harvests sunlight, produces ATP and carbohydrates?
Chloroplast
31
What temporarily stores carbohydrate products of photosynthesis?
Starch granule
32
Site of light-driven ATP synthesis
Thylakoids
33
Provides shape and rigidity; protects cell from osmotic swelling
Cell wall
34
Degrades and recycles macromolecules, stores metabolites
Vacuole
35
Provides path between two plant cells
Plasmodesmata
36
Contains enzymes of the glyoxylate cycle
Glyoxysome
37
Name the 3 types of protein filaments
Actin filaments Intermediate filaments Microtubules
38
Size of actin filaments and what it is made of
6 nanometers; | Made from G-actin
39
Size of intermediate filaments and what it is made of
10 nanometers; | Made from α-keratin
40
Size of microtubules and what it is made of
23 nanometers; | Made from tubulin
41
What did Miller-Urey experiment do?
Sparked a mixture of CH4, NH3, H2O, H2S, and H2 to yield a lot of different things including glycine, alanine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid
42
What is the mass % of iron in men and women?
Men: 3.8 g Women: 2.3 g
43
4 major classes of biological macromolecules?
Nucleic acids (DNA) Proteins (hemoglobin) Lipids (phosphatidylcholine) Polysaccharides (bacterial surface)
44
Function of Nucleic acids
Store and transmit information
45
Function of proteins
Structure & catalysis
46
Function of lipids
Membranes & energy storage
47
Function of polysaccharides
Energy storage, structure, surface recognition
48
Carbon can form single bonds with _______, ________, and _________, and form single and double bonds with _______ and _________
Hydrogen Sulfur Phosphorus Oxygen Nitrogen
49
Amount of energy in a reaction at constant temperature and pressure
Gibbs Free Energy, G
50
Heat of a reaction reflecting the number and kind of chemical bonds in reactants and products
Enthalpy, H
51
Quantitative expression of randomness or disorder in a system
Entropy
52
Change in free energy formula
∆G = ∆H - T∆S
53
The set of metabolic pathways, requiring energy, construct molecules from smaller units
Anabolism
54
The set of metabolic pathways that breakdown molecules into smaller units and release energy
Catabolism
55
What is the RNA World Hypothesis?
That DNA was made from RNA, that RNA came first

Biochemistry (15 decks)

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