Chapter 1 And 2 Flashcards
A person who administers ionizing radiation t perform radiographic procedures
A radiographer
Who writes the radiography’s practice standards
American Society of Radiologic Technologists (ASRT)
Defines the practice of radiography, describes the necessary education and certification, and includes the radiographer scope of practice
Radiography Practice Standards
ALARA
As low as reasonably achieve-able
Who created and maintains the Standard of Ethics
ARRT - American Registry of RTs
What are the Standards of Ethics
Code of Ethics and Rules of Ethics.
Describes professional values that translate into practice
What is the Code of Ethics
10 statements that serve as a professional behavior guide for RT
What are the rules of ethics
22 rules that are mandatory standards of minimally acceptable professional conduct
Who performs extended patient care activities, select radiographic procedures, and initial image observations
RA - Radiologist Assistant
RPA - Radiology Practitioner Assistant
Radiographer is responsible for in the examination room
Keeping the room and all equipment clean, prepare room prior to patient arrival
who provides directives for infection control
CDC
What is standard precaution
Treating every patient as if they have an infectious disease. Avoid cross contamination.
What is the easiest and most convenient way T prevent the spread of microorganisms
Hanndwashing
What should you do with every patient before you start any procedure
Explain the procedure and obtain patient clinical history
What are the three types of motion
Involuntary, voluntary and equipment
Heartbeat, chills, peristalsis, tremor, spasm, and pain are called
Involuntary motion
Nervousness, discomfort, excitability, mental illness, fear, age, and breathing are what type of motion
Voluntary motion
How do you control involuntary motion
Short exposure time
How do you control voluntary motion
Clear instructions, patient comfort, support devices, and immobilizations
If that doesn’t work use decreased exposure time.
What receives the energy of the X-ray bean and forms the image of the body part
Image receptor
Four types of image receptor
Solid state digital detector
Photostimuable storage phosphor image plate (PSP IP)
Fluoroscopic image receptor
Cassette with film
Used to ensure a body part remains in the appropriate posture during the exposure
Positioning aids
Reduces scattered radiation to the IR
Grids
Results in more uniform image brightness due to varied tissue thickness and part density
Compensating filters
Radiographers can control prime technical factors. What are they
Milliamperage (mA) Kilovolt Peak (kVp) Exposure time (seconds)
Three general IR position
Lengthwise, crosswise and diagonal
What IR position is the most common (lengthwise, crosswise or diagonal)
Lengthwise
The central or primary beam of the ray is
Central Ray (CR)
Why would you angle the central ray through the part of interest
- Avoid superimposition
- Straighten out a curved structure
- Align the central ray through an angles joint space
- avoid distortion of an angled structure
SID
Source to image receptor distance
The stance from the anode inside the X-ray tube to the image receptor
SID
What does SID affect
Magnification
Spatial resolution
Patient dose
Longer SID does what
Reduces magnification and increases spatial resolution
What SID is used on most examinations
40 inches traditionally. 44-48 inches now.
What SID is used on examinations with increased OID to reduce magnification
72 inches
What SID is used for c spine, heart & chest
72 inches
What are the ranges for SID
30 inches to 120 inches - 40 inches is the recommended minimum unless specified
SSD stand for
Source to skin distance
Distance between anode inside X-ray tube to the patients skin
SSD - source to skin distance
What does SSD affect
Dose to the patient
SSD should not be less than ___ inches but Cannot be less than ____ inches
15 inches
12 inches
OID stand for
Object to image receptor distance
The restriction of the radiation field to irradiate only the anatomy of interest
Collimation
What is the purpose of collimation
Minimize patient exposure
Reduce scatter radiation
Used to provide a black background around a collimated exposure field
Shuttering
What does shuttering result in
Increased patient dose
Overexposure
Creates legal and ethical liability
When do you NOT place your anatomic markers
After image acquisition. Must be placed during image taking due to the potential for error
Image recorded by exposing any of the image receptors to X-rays
Radiograph
What does the radiographer evaluate a radiograph for?
Acceptability of image features
Proper radiation safety practices
Whether the objectives have been met
X-rays should always be viewed in what position
Anatomic position - excluding hands, fingers, wrists, feet & toes
How are hands, feet, etc viewed as a radiograph
With distal ends toward the ceiling
What is the required information on all radiographs
Date
Patients name or ID number
Right or Left marker
Institution name
What is obesity defined by
BMI body mass index
What is used to determine if a patient is too large to perform a examination
Body diameter and weight
What are equipment considerations to take whenever it comes to patient size
Radiograph table weight limited
Max diameter on machines (Fluoro, MRI, CT)
Transportation considerations to think about when it comes to an obese patient
- Larger wheelchair and stretchers
- Risk to injury to staff during movement and positioning
- power lifts
What is key in all imaging procedures
Communication
Empathetic communication is essential - avoid mentioning ____ & explain ___
Their weight
Personnel required to safely move/transfer the patient
What are not accessible in the morbidly obese
Most palpable landmarks
What do you locate instead in an obese patient
Jugular notch - measure down based on patient height
Term applied to the science of the structure of the body
Anatomy
Study of the function of the body organs
Physiology
Study of the body of knowledge relating to the bones
Osteology
Divides body into left & right sections
Sagittal plane
Divides body into front and back sections
Coronal plane
Divides body into top and bottom sections
Horizontal plane
Divides body into two sections at any angle
Oblique plane
Transects the body at the top of iliac crest (L4)
Interiliac plane
Formed by the biting surface of the upper and lower teeth with jaws closed
Occlusal plane
Two major body cavities
Thoracic and abdominal
Average body build.
Sthetic
Overly Slender & tall. Lungs are lower
Asthetic
Slender. Harder habitus to diagnose
Hyposthetic
Larger. Massive habitus.
Hypersthenic
How many bones in the axial skeleton
80
How many bones in the appendicular skeleton
126
What does the axial skeleton do
Supports and protects head & trunk
What does the appendicular skeleton do
Allows movement from place to place and various positions
Outer layer of bones are spongy or dense
Dense, compact
Inner layer of bone is dense or spongy
Spongy, less dense
Primary ossification occurs ___
Before birth
Secondary ossification occurs ____
After birth whenever desperate bones develops at the end of long bones (epiphysis)
Full ossification occurs ____
Near age 21. Epiphyseal line is present instead of plate
Epiphyseal plate
Plate of cartilage between two areas of primary and secondary
Bones found in the limbs
Long bones
Carpal and tarsal bones are classified as
Short bones
Cranium, sternum and scapula are classified as
Flat bones
Vertebrae, facial & pelvic bones are classified as
Irregular bones
Patella, beneath 1st metatarsal and adjacent to metacarpals
Sesamoid bones
Central ray angled towards head
Cephalad
Central ray angled towards feet
Caudad
Pronate
Turn from forward facing to back facing
Supinate
Turn from back facing to forward facing
