Chapter 1: Anatomy & Physiology

Question 1

External ear

Answer 1

Pinna- delicate cartilage

External auditory canal

Question 2

Middle ear

Answer 2

Hollow space within temporal bone
Mastoid cavity
Tympanic membrane- ear drum
Ossicles- 3 tiny bones: malleus, incus & stapes

Question 3

Eustachian tube

Answer 3

Connects middle ear with the nasopharynx (opens during swallowing with contraction of tensor veli palitini)

Question 4

Inner ear

Answer 4

Cochlea and semicircular canals

Question 5

Nasal root

Answer 5

Where the nose begins at the level of the eyes

Question 6

Nasal bridge/Nasion

Answer 6

Bony structure located between the eyes

corresponds with nasofrontal suture

Question 7

Columnella

Answer 7

Structure that separates the nostrils and supports the nasal tip

Question 8

Nares

Answer 8

Nostrils
Ala Nasi-outside curved edge
Alar rim- outside curved that surrounds the opening to the nostril on either side
Alar base- the area where the ala meets the upper lip
Nasal sill-base of nostril opening
Piriform aperture- opening to the nostril or nasal cavity
Nasal vestibule- most anterior part of nasal cavity, enclosed by cartilage

Question 9

Nasal septum

Answer 9

Midline that separates the nasal cavity into two halves

Vomer- trapezoidal shaped bone in nasal septum

Question 10

Nasal turbinates/ Nasal conchae

Answer 10

Paired shelf-like bony structures that are attached to the lateral walls of the nose and protrude into nasal cavity

Question 11

Nasal meatuses

Answer 11

Superior, middle and inferior- openings/passageways through which air flows

Question 12

Paransal Sinuses

Answer 12

Air-filled spaces in the bones of the face and skull

connected to the nose by a small opening called the Ostium

Question 13

Upper Lip

Answer 13

Philtrum- long indentation that courses downward from the nose and terminates at the edge of the upper lip
Philtral ridges- border the philtrum
Cupid’s bow- rounded configuration at the top of the upper lip
Vermilion- red portion of the lip

Question 14

Tongue

Answer 14

Dorsum- superior surface

Ventrum- inferior surface

Question 15

Faucial Pillars

Answer 15

Palatine tonsils- consist of lymphoepithelial tissue, found between the anterior and posterior faucial pillars on both sides
Lingual tonsils- consist of lymphoid tissue, located at the base of the tongue extending to epiglottis
Oropharyngeal isthmus- opening from the oral cavity to the pharynx

Question 16

Hard Palate

Answer 16

Bony structure that separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity
-forms the palatal vault (roof of mouth)
Alveolar ridge- outer portion (base and bony support for teeth)
Rugae- multiple ridges running transversely
Palatine raphe- narrow seam-like ridge forming the midline of the hard palate (continues through velum)
Premaxilla- triangular-shaped bone behind front teeth
Palatine processes of the maxilla- behind incisive sutures, forming anterior 3/4 of the maxilla

Question 17

Velum

Answer 17

(soft palate) Attached to the posterior border of the hard palate and held in place by its internal muscles.
-has nasal surface and oral surface

Question 18

Uvula

Answer 18

Tear-drop shaped structure that is typically long and slender.
Hangs freely from the posterior border of the velum
No known function

Question 19

Pharynx

Answer 19

The throat area between the esophagus and nasal cavity
Nasopharynx- above the oral cavity and velum, just posterior to the mouth
Oropharynx- at the level of the oral cavity posterior to the mouth
Hypopharynx- below the oral cavity extending from the epiglottis inferiorly to the esophagus
Posterior pharyngeal wall- back wall of the throat
Lateral pharyngeal walls- side walls of the throat
Adenoid pad- atrophies with age

Question 20

Eustachian Tube

Answer 20

Membrane-lined tube that connects the middle ear space with the pharynx
Closed at rest, helps prevent inadvertent contamination of the middle ear by secretions found in the pharynx and back of nose

Question 21

Velar movement

Answer 21

Velar dimple- the point where the velum bends
Velar eminence- muscular bulge on the nasal side of the velum during phonation
Velar stretch- elongation of velum during elevation

Question 22

Lateral Pharyngeal Wall movement

Answer 22

Lateral walls aid in closure by moving medially to close against the velum or meet in midline behind the velum

Question 23

Posterior Pharyngeal Wall movement

Answer 23

During movement, posterior wall may move forward slightly to assist in contact

Question 24

Passavant’s Ridge

Answer 24

Shelf-like projection from the posterior pharyngeal wall that occurs during velopharyngeal wall movement

Question 25

Muscles of the Velopharyngeal Mechanism

Answer 25

Levatator Veli Palatini muscles
Superior Constrictor muscles
Palatopharyngeus muscles
Palatoglossus muscles
Salpingopharyngeous muscles
Musculus Uvulae muscles
Tensor Veli Palatini muscles