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Genetics > Chapter 1: An Introduction to Genetics > Flashcards

Chapter 1: An Introduction to Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

How many genes are in the human genome?

A
  • ~25,000
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2
Q

What are the two processes via gene expression?

A
  • transcription of DNA and translation of RNA
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3
Q

What is genetics?

A

the science of heredity and variation

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4
Q

What is heredity?

A
  • transmission of traits from one generation to another
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5
Q

What is a trait?

A
  • a detectable phenotypic variation of an inherited character
    ( blue vs brown eye colour)
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6
Q

What is a character?

A
  • observable phenotypic attribute of an organism
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7
Q

Explain what a chromosome is / purpose.

L> composition?

A
  • the organization of genes
  • they vary in number and in size
  • help to identify gene loci
  • thread like structures in the nuclei carry hereditary
    L> composed of protein and nucleic acids.
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8
Q

Haploid??

A
  • one copy of genetic material subdivided into chromosomes
    L> half the number of chromosomes (N)
    L>haploid cells contain only one complete set of chromosomes
    L> gametes and germ cells
    L> products of meiosis
    L> non homologous chromosomes
    (N)
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9
Q

Diploid??

A
  • two copies of genetic material subdivided into chromosomes
    L> three pairs of homologous chromosomes
    L> contain two complete sets of chromosomes (n)
    L> products of mitosis
    (2N)
  • somatic cells etc
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10
Q

Chromosomes are arranged in what kind of fashion in humans?

A

LINEAR

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11
Q

Karyotype?

A
  • linear arrangement of chromosomes from largest to smallest!
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12
Q

Loci?

A
  • where genes are located on the chromosome
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13
Q

mu??

A

map unit= genetic distance…..

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14
Q

By looking at mu of two genes …if they are close to each other what can we establish?

A
  • that they may be linked!
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15
Q

Genotype?

A

Allelic composition of one or more limited number of genes under investigation
L> specific genetic constitution of an organism

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16
Q

Phenotype?

A
  • observble expression of genetic make up…manifestation of genotype
    L> genetically controlled observable features
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17
Q

Allele?

L> diploid??

A
  • different versions of a gene

L> two alleles for one gene in a diploid individual

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18
Q

Homozygous?

A
  • identical alleles for a gene
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19
Q

Heterozygous?

A
  • different alleles for a gene

diff gene in each gamete

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20
Q

Mendel’s laws of inheritance go! (3)

A
  1. Law of Segregation
  2. Law of Independent Assortment
  3. Law of Dominance
21
Q

Mendel’s laws of inheritance :

1. Law of Segregation? ( a lot)

A
  1. two members of a gene pair (alleles) segregate (separate) from each other during the formation of gametes in meiosis. As a result half the gametes carry on allele the other half have the other allele. AKA Each gamete carries only a single allele of each gene…the progeny are produced by the random combination of gametes from the two parents.
22
Q

When does segregation occur?

A

-members of a pair of alleles segregate during meiosis and that each offspring receives only one allele….therefore it parallels the separation of homologous pairs of chromosomes at anaphase 1 in meiosis.

23
Q

Mendel’s laws of inheritance:

2. Law of Independent Assortment?

A

the pairs of alleles for genes on different chromosomes segregate independently in the formation of gametes.
L> during meiosis 1
L>independent of each pair of homologous chromosomes…before separation in meiosis 1.

24
Q

Mendel’s laws of inheritance

3. Law of dominance?

A

the dominant form of a trait shows up in an individual that is heterozygous ( one dominant factor and one recessive factor )

25
Q

Mendel’s laws of inheritance

- Unit factors are said to be in ___.

A
  • pairs

L> one paternal and one maternal homologue

26
Q

What three things account for genetic variation?

A
  1. mutation
  2. recombination
  3. selection
27
Q

Genetic Variation:

1. Mutation?

A
  • change in the DNA or chromosome ( i.e. deletion, brewing of chromosome, inversion etc)
28
Q

Genetic Variation:

2. Recombination ?

A
  • exchange of genetic material
29
Q

Genetic Variation:

3. Selection?

A
  • Favouring a combination of genes in a given environment ….product of selection = the next generation ( we the current generation don’t matter sob)
30
Q

Haploid?

A
  • 1 copy go each chromosome (N)

- gametes

31
Q

Diploid ?

A
  • 2 copies of each chromosome (2N)

L> result from fusion of 2 games = zygote

32
Q

Homologous Chromosomes?

A
  • chromosomes that contain the same genes and pair during meiosis
  • each member of a pair is a HOMOLOG
33
Q

Non-homologous chromosome?

A
  • chromosomes that do not contain similar genes

- do not pair during meiosis

34
Q

exception to non homologous chromosomes not pairing in meiosis?

A

X and Y

35
Q

What are the two types of Chromosomes ?

A
  • autosomes ( do not determine sex)

- sex chromosomes ( xx and xy )

36
Q

What is at the end of the chromosome that is responsible for aging via shortening of it?

A
  • teleomere
    L> repeating regions of dan …non coding gene….
    L> Y is telecentric (only one in us)
37
Q 
Chromosome Morphology? 
L> Meta
L> Sub
L> Acro
L> Telo
A
  • distinguishable via the placement of the centromere
    L> 2 arms are equal
    L> 2 arms are unequal
    L> stalk, satellite
    L> centromere is just at the end of the chromosome …..( no division of arms)
38
Q

Who created the first recombinant DNA molecule?

A
  • Paul Berg
39
Q

Who cloned the first recombinant DNA molecule?

A
  • Boyer and Cohen
40
Q

Who developed polymerase chain reaction?

A
  • Kary Mullis

L> out of cell way to synthesize genes

41
Q

Genomis = what?

A
  • determination of complete genomic DNA sequences
42
Q

Who created the artificial genome and inserted it into a prokaryotic cell?

A
  • Craig Venter
43
Q

Plasmid?

A
  • small DNA molecule that is separate from the chromosomal DNA and independently replicates
    L> insert recombinant DNA into bacteria and it will integrate it ……
44
Q

Transmission genetics?

A

classical genetics

45
Q

molecular genetics?

A

molecular structure and function of genes

46
Q

population genetics?

A

study of heredity in groups of individuals for traits that are determined by one or only a few genes

47
Q

Quantitative genetics?

A

study of heredity in groups of individuals but the traits are determined by many genes simultaneously

48
Q

What is recombinant DNA technology?

L> significant?

A
  • procedures that allow molecular biologists to splice DNA fragment from one organism into DNA from another organism to clone the new recombinant DNA
    L> yes…medically: produces antibiotics hormones and other agents like clotting factors and insulin.

Genetics (14 decks)

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