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Biochemistry > Chapter 1, Amino Acids > Flashcards

Chapter 1, Amino Acids Flashcards

0
Q

Which amino acids cluster on the surface of membrane proteins?

A

Nonpolar

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1
Q

Which amino acids cluster on the surface of soluble proteins?

A

Polar

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2
Q

The sulfhydryl groups (SH) of cysteine molecules can become oxidized to form _________, a dimer of cysteines. This molecule contains a covalent disulfide bond (S-S).

A

cystine

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3
Q

Which amino acids have hydroxyl groups (OH) which can form hydrogen bonds?

A

Serine, Threonine, and Tyrosine

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4
Q

Both the carbonyl and the amide group of which two uncharged polar amino acids can also participate in hydrogen bonding?

A

Asparagine and Glutamine

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5
Q

What type of bonds are formed in an oxidative reaction in which 2 H atoms of the sulfhydryl (thiol) groups are transferred to an acceptor molecule?

A

Disulfide bonds

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6
Q

Disulfide bonds are considered strong _________ bonds.

A

covalent

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7
Q

Acidic side chains are ionized or “charged” at pH 7. Aspartic acid and glutamic acid are called __________ and _________ respectively in an ionized state.

A

aspartate and glutamate

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8
Q

Histones are used to bind DNA. Which two amino acids are found in histones?

A

Histidine and Lysine

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9
Q

What is the most basic (alkaline) amino acid?

A

Arginine

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10
Q

Amino acids can be biochemically altered to produce non-amino acids such as dopamine (epinephrine and norepinephrine) and melanin. T3 and T4, which are thyroid hormones associated with metabolic rate can also be produced. All of these are synthesized from what amino acid?

A

tyrosine

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11
Q

Serotonin, which functions as a neurotransmitter as well as in platelets and also in intestinal mucosa, is synthesized from what amino acid?

*Popularly thought to contribute to feelings of well-being and happiness.

A

tryptophan

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12
Q

Melatonin (sleep cycle), a pineal gland hormone, is synthesized from what non-amino acid derivative which is derived from tryptophan?

A

serotonin

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13
Q

Penicillin is bio-synthesized by the condensation of which two amino acids?

A

cysteine and valine

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14
Q

Histamine, which is a bioactive mediator, is formed from what amino acid?

A

histidine

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15
Q

Creatine is a high-energy compound that can be used by the muscle when phosphorylated. It is synthesized from what two amino acids among other biochemicals?

A

glycine and arginine

16
Q

One widely accepted scale or hydrophobicity (how hydrophobic something is) ranks which amino acids as the most and least hydrophobic?

A

Most Hydrophobic - isoleucine

Least Hydrophobic - arginine

17
Q

Because proline has a side chain that forms a 5-member ring whose structure imparts stiffness and can cause bending of the peptide chain, proline is also considered what?

A

an imino acid

18
Q

The bond structure between them is the same, but the geometric positioning of the atoms and the functional groups is different.

A

stereoisomers

19
Q

What is the only amino acid that is achiral? (Has two H’s)

A

glycine

20
Q

Biologically based synthesis produces only one enantiomeric form, the (D or L)-amino acid.

A

L-amino acid, It’s safe to say that all amino acids are L- except for glycine which is neither.

21
Q

Which amino acids (D or L) occur in bacterial cell walls and in peptide antibiotics?

A

D-amino acids

22
Q

Chemically based in vitro synthesis produces ________ mixtures, which are equal amounts of both the L- and the D- enantiomers.

A

racemic

23
Q

Umami is a meaty-like taste, generally associated with the taste of the modified amino acid ________ ________ or _ _ _.

A

monosodium glutamate or MSG

24
Q

Volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) are formed by breakdown of sulfur containing peptides and proteins by bacteria inhabiting the oral cavity which leads to halitosis (male oral odor or “bad breath”). The offending amino acids in these peptides and proteins would be those that contain sulphur which are…?

A

MC – Sulf

methionine and cysteine

25
Q

Which non-standard amino acid is a form of cysteine and what has it changed?

A

Selenocysteine

*instead of sulfur, molecule has atom of selenium

26
Q

Which non-standard amino acid is similar in structure to lysine, but has an added ring? What is the ring? Where is it found?

A

Pyrrolysine

  • has an added pyrroline ring
  • found only in Archaea and also a single bacterium
27
Q

Which two proteinogenic modified amino acids are essential for the stabilization of collagen?

A

Hydroxyproline (hyp) and Hydroxylysine (hyl)

28
Q

What proteinogenic modified amino acid is found in blood clotting factors and also in bone? *The carboxylation of this amino acid requires what vitamin?

A

Gamma-carboxyglutamate (Gla)

*Vitamin K

Biochemistry (10 decks)

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