CHAPTER 1 (AI) Flashcards
What is polygraphy?
The scientific method of detecting deception, using a polygraph.
Polygraphy is also known as forensic psychophysiology.
What physiological changes does polygraphy measure?
Blood pressure, pulse rate, breathing, and skin resistance.
Skin resistance refers to the small amount of electricity released by the body.
What is the purpose of polygraph science?
To determine the stress levels of a person regarding a specific issue to ascertain whether he/she is deceptive or telling the truth.
What is a polygraph?
An instrument for recording psychological changes in blood pressure, pulse rate, respiration, and skin resistance as indications of emotional disturbances, especially of lying when questioned.
What is the definition of a misnomer?
The misnaming of a person in a legal instrument.
What is the main function of an analog polygraph?
To measure at least three different physiological responses during a test.
How does a computerized polygraph differ from an analog polygraph?
The computerized polygraph records data on a computer’s hard disk, which can be viewed on a screen or printed out.
What is a polygraph examination?
A form of Psychophysiological Veracity Examination that covers the subject’s time in the polygraph suite.
What is the kymograph in relation to polygraph testing?
A part of the polygraph that rotates to pull the paper for recording the tracing of the suspect.
What is the role of a polygraph examiner?
An expert in polygraph science who uses the polygraph instrument to verify the truthfulness of a subject’s statement.
What is the definition of a lie?
Uttering an intentionally false statement or creating a false impression with the intent to deceive.
What is the difference between a subject and an examinee?
The subject is the person being examined, while examinee is another term for the same individual.
What is a specific response in polygraphy?
Any deviation from the normal tracing of the subject associated with relevant questions.
What is the purpose of the Forensic Assessment Interview Technique?
To assess non-verbal and verbal behavior without the need for attachments.
What are verbal signs of lying?
Signs observed through the words spoken, speed of delivery, choice of words, tone of voice, and tense of language.
What is the Word Association Test (WAT)?
A lie detection method using a list of stimulus words to assess responses and timing.
Who invented the Psychological Stress Evaluator (PSE)?
Allen Bell Jr. and Charles McQuiston in 1972.
What does the Psychological Stress Evaluator (PSE) measure?
Emotional stress in a person’s voice by detecting inaudible frequency modulations.
What is hypnosis in the context of lie detection?
A technique to induce a state of consciousness where a person can respond to questions and is susceptible to suggestions.
What is truth serum?
A method involving mind-distorting drugs to compel a subject to answer truthfully, though not a true serum.
What drugs are commonly associated with narco-analysis?
Sodium amytal and sodium pentothal.
What is the significance of alcohol intoxication in lie detection?
Alcohol can inhibit the control mechanism of the brain, revealing the real character of a person.
What is the essential requirement for the administration of criminal justice?
Knowledge of the truth
This emphasizes the importance of truth in evaluating statements made by suspects or witnesses.
What is Statement Analysis also known as?
Investigative Discourse Analysis and Scientific Analysis (SCAN)
It is a technique used to analyze the words people use to determine the accuracy of their statements.
What does Voice Stress Analysis (VSA) aim to detect?
Deception in voice responses
The Computer Voice Stress Analyzer (CVSA) is a tool used for this purpose.
Who patented Brain Fingerprinting?
Lawrence A. Farwell
This technique studies brain activity to determine truthfulness based on brain wave responses.
What does functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) measure?
Brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow
This method shows which areas of the brain are in use during different tasks.
What is the ordeal method in the context of detecting deception?
A common method of deciding guilt or innocence through physical tests
This practice was often referred to as the judgment of God.
What does the term ‘ordeal’ refer to?
A severe test of character or endurance; a medieval form of judicial trial
This term is linked to the Latin ‘DEI INDICUM,’ meaning ‘miraculous decision.’
What is the significance of the Red Hot Iron Ordeal?
The accused had to carry a bar of red-hot iron; no burns indicated innocence
Practiced in the Hill Tribe of Rajhmal in North Bengal.
How does the Ordeal by Balance work?
The accused is weighed on a scale; if they are lighter after prayer, they are acquitted
This method is practiced in the Institute of Vishnu, India.
What does the Boiling Water Ordeal entail?
The accused must lift a stone from boiling water; success indicates innocence
This trial was documented in the laws of Athelstan, the first king of England.
What is the Cold Water Ordeal?
The accused is thrown into icy water; sinking indicates innocence, floating indicates guilt
This method was commonly used for witchcraft trials.
What happens during the Ordeal by Rice Chewing?
The accused eats rice and spits it out; mixing saliva with blood indicates guilt
This practice is traditionally carried out among Indians.
What is the purpose of the Ordeal of the Red Water?
The accused fasts, swallows rice, and is placed in dark-colored emetic water; ejection of rice indicates innocence
This ordeal is practiced in Eastern Africa.
What does Ordeal by Combat involve?
The aggrieved party fights the alleged offender; the victor is deemed justified by supernatural intervention
This method was popularized in the story ‘Ivanhoe.’
What is the Ordeal of the Corsnaed?
A priest gives hallowed bread to the accused; swallowing it indicates innocence
This practice is seen in China and Alexandria, Egypt.
What does the Test of the Eucharist involve?
Clergies believe a guilty person would be smitten by God if they consume poison
This ordeal was primarily practiced among clergy and monks.
What happens during the Ordeal of the Bier?
The accused approaches a corpse; if the wounds bleed, they are deemed the killer
This method was recorded in Shakespeare’s ‘Richard III.’
What does the Ordeal of the Needle entail?
A red-hot needle is drawn through the lips; blood indicates guilt
This ordeal is practiced in Wanaka, Eastern Africa.
What does the Ordeal by Heat and Fire consist of?
The accused walks barefoot over coals; if unharmed, they are innocent
This method was used in early Scandinavian countries and England.
What is the Trial of the Cross?
The accuser and accused are placed under a cross; the first to move is guilty
This trial was practiced in Europe.
What is the Trial of the Waxen Shirt?
The accused wears a wax-covered cloth and walks over coals; if unharmed, they are innocent
This ordeal tested the accused’s ability to withstand fire.
What does the sign of the cross on a dice indicate in the trial process?
If it lands on the sign of the cross, the accused is considered innocent.
This reflects a form of divination used in ancient trials.
What is the trial of the waxen shirt?
The accused wears a cloth covered with wax and walks over coals; if unhurt and the wax does not melt, they are innocent.
This ordeal tests the accused’s innocence through physical endurance.
Who is Hans Gross and what method did he mention?
Hans Gross is known as the Father of Criminalistics; he mentioned the hereditary sieve method.
This method involves throwing beans into a sieve while calling the suspect’s name.
What does it signify if beans jump out of the sieve in the hereditary sieve method?
The owner of the sieve is innocent.
If the beans remain in the sieve, the named person is considered a thief.
Describe the donkey’s tail ordeal.
A donkey is placed in a room; if it cries, the accused is guilty, as it reflects the accused’s conscience.
This is based on the psychological theory that animals can sense guilt.
What happens in the ordeal of the tiger?
The accused and accuser are placed in a cage with a tiger; if the tiger spares one, that person is innocent.
This practice was believed to determine the truth based on the tiger’s instincts.
What is the ordeal by divination practiced in Burma?
Two parties light candles of equal size; the owner of the candle that outlasts the other is deemed to have won.
This is a form of trial by ordeal involving chance and survival.
What is the trial method involving Tangena in Madagascar?
The supposed criminal drinks a decoction of the poisonous fruit Tangena; surviving indicates innocence.
The dose is carefully managed to determine the outcome.
How is the trial conducted in Borneo?
Shellfish are placed on a plate; the one that moves first after an irritating fluid is poured is deemed innocent.
This ordeal relies on the reaction of the shellfish to determine guilt.
Describe the axe ordeal practiced in Greece.
A suspended axe is spun; whoever is in line with the blade when it stops is considered guilty.
This reflects a belief in divine intervention in determining guilt.
What happens in the trial method practiced in Nigeria involving a cock’s feather?
A feather is pierced through the accused’s tongue; if it passes easily, the accused is innocent.
This method tests the accused’s innocence through a physical challenge.
What other trial methods are practiced in Nigeria?
Pouring corrosive liquid into eyes and boiling oil over hands; being unharmed indicates innocence.
These methods are also based on physical endurance and outcomes.
When did some of the ordeal practices die out in England and other continents?
In the middle of the 13th century.
This marks a significant change in legal practices during that period.
