CHAPTER 1 Flashcards
– it is the scientific method of detecting deception, using a polygraph.
POLYGRAPHY
Polygraphy is the more popular term for
FORENSIC PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY
using the polygraph also called POLYGRAPH SCIENCE
FORENSIC PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY
–science of physiological changes
POLYGRAPHY
- small amount of electricity that our body releases
SKIN RESISTANCE
-a technique used to determine the stress levels of a person regarding a specific issue to ascertain whether he/she is deceptive or telling the truth.
POLYGRAPH SCIENCE
– is an instrument for the recording of psychological changes in blood pressure, pulse rate, respiration and skin resistance as indication of emotional disturbances especially of lying when questioned.
POLYGRAPH
-It is an instrument whereby multiple signals from the sensors are recorded on a single strip of moving paper.
POLYGRAPH
-A scientific instrument that simultaneously records the changes in physiological processes of the human body
POLYGRAPH
other name for polygraph is
TRUTH VERIFIER AND LIE DETECTOR
-The word was derived from two Greek word POLY means “many” and GRAPHE/GRAPHOS/GRAPHIEN means “writing”. Literally means “MANY WRITINGS”.
POLYGRAPH
-The word, POLYGRAPH was derived from two Greek word _____ means ____ and ____ means ____. Literally means ________.
POLY- “many”
GRAPHE/GRAPHOS/GRAPHIEN- “writing”
“MANY WRITINGS”
–its importance is INVESTIGATIONS, SECURE THE CONFESSION AND INCOMING STATEMENT OF WITNESSES AND ALSO THE POLICE since its their job to lie or not
POLYGRAPH
-The word was derived from two ____ word POLY means “many” and GRAPHE/GRAPHOS/GRAPHIEN means “writing”. Literally means “MANY WRITINGS”.
Greek
- is the misnaming of a person in a legal instrument
MISNOMER
Is polygraph admissible in court?
No, it is not admissible
POLYGRAPH is an instrument for the recording of psychological changes in?
blood pressure,
pulse rate,
respiration and
skin resistance
TYPES OF POLYGRAPH
- ANALOG POLYGRAPH
- COMPUTERIZED POLYGRAPH
– older version of polygraph
Analog Polygraph
-is a kind of polygraph machine that can measure at least three different physiological responses.
ANALOG POLYGRAPH
-When being tested, a patient has complex rubber tubes attached to the chest and stomach area to record respiratory activity, a blood pressure cuff to record heart rate, and to record sweat gland activity, small metal plates are attached to the fingers.
-When the machine is turned on, the polygraph needles scratch lines onto a roll of paper. The lines represent the levels of stress the person is experiencing and that stress is believed to be caused by telling lies.
ANALOG POLYGRAPH
– polygraph examination from start to end and no need of kymograph
COMPUTERIZED POLYGRAPH
-It is quite comprehensive and tells if a person is not telling the truth.
COMPUTERIZED POLYGRAPH
makes its recording on a computers hard disk, which can be viewed on a screen or printed out.
COMPUTERIZED POLYGRAPH
– is a form of Psychophysiological Veracity Examination which involves the examination of a subject using the polygraph that officially covers the moment the subject enters the polygraph suite until he leaves.
POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION
-It may, however, include the time when the examiner officially accepted the case and commenced gathering information from the requesting party.
POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION
POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION is a form of?
Psychophysiological Veracity Examination
–is the specific part of the polygraph examination that transpires from the moment the chart drive (KYMOGRAPH) is turned on until it is turned off.
POLYGRAPH TEST
-It is the actual test whereby the reactions of the subject on a specific stimulus are being recorded using the polygraph instrument.
POLYGRAPH TEST
chart drive is the?
KYMOGRAPH
- part of polygraph wherein when turned on, it will rotate and pull the paper to record the tracing of the suspect
KYMOGRAPH
– is the expert in polygraph science who uses polygraph instrument to verify truthfulness of a subject’s statement or testimony.
POLYGRAPH EXAMINER/POLYGRAPHIST
–it should be LICENSED CRIMINOLOGIST AND BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY
POLYGRAPH EXAMINER/POLYGRAPHIST
-Other descriptions for the examiner are
POLYGRAPHIST, FORENSIC PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY’S (FP) AND POLYGRAPH EXAMINER (PE).
– it is an act of discovery of existence, presence of fact or something hidden or obscure.
DETECTION
– refers to uttering intentionally false statement, falsehood, anything that deceives or creates false impression, to make untrue statement knowingly especially with intent to deceive and to give an erroneous or misleading impression.
LIE
– the uttering or conveying of falsehood or creating a false or misleading information with the intention of affecting wrongfully the acts and opinion of other.
LYING
– refers to a person who utters intentionally a false statement.
LIAR
- laptop or computerized tracings
CHART
- paper being used in analog or special paper intended for polygraph
POLYGRAMS
– it refers to the person to be (or being) examined, usually a suspected criminal.
SUBJECT
– is any deviation from the normal tracing of the subject.
SPECIFIC RESPONSE
-The subject is also called
EXAMINEE
–associated with relevant questions
SPECIFIC RESPONSE
- is one that is directly related to the topic or subject being discussed.
RELEVANT QUESTIONS
– is a tracing on the chart wherein the subject answered in the irrelevant question.
NORMAL TRACING
- not related to what is being discussed or considered and therefore not important
–information is known by both parties
IRRELEVANT QUESTIONS
LIE DETECTION TECHNIQUES
- FORENSIC ASSESSMENT INTERVIEW TECHNIQUE (FAIT)
- POLYGRAPHY
- WORD ASSOCIATION TEST (WAT)
- PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS EVALUATOR (PSE)
- HYPNOSIS
- TRUTH SERUM
- NARCO-ANALYSIS
- INTOXICATION WITH ALCOHOL
- STATEMENT ANALYSIS
10.VOICE STRESS ANALYSIS (VSA) THE COMPUTER VOICE STRESS ANALYZER (CVSA) - BRAIN FINGERPRINTING
- FUNCTIONAL MEMORY RESONANCE IMAGING (fMRI)
– Allows the interviewer to assess non-verbal and verbal behavior without the need of attachments to make the accurate determination of truth or deception.
FORENSIC ASSESSMENT INTERVIEW TECHNIQUE
– are signs of lying observe to a person through patterns of body movements, gestures, facial expressions, body posture, positioning and movements use to explain chosen words.
NON-VERBAL
– are signs of lying observe to a person through the words that are spoken, speed of delivery of words, choice of words, tone of voice and the tense of language.
VERBAL
WAT means?
WORD ASSOCIATION TEST
-introduced by FRANCIS GALTON in (1879)
WORD ASSOCIATION TEST (WAT)
-is a form of lie detection whereby he used a list of 75 STIMULUS WORDS with which he read and noted his responses to the words tended to remain alike and they were typically taken from his childhood experiences.
WORD ASSOCIATION TEST (WAT)
WORD ASSOCIATION TEST (WAT) introduced by __________ in ________
FRANCIS GALTON in (1879)
-A list of STIMULUS AND NON-STIMULUS WORDS is read to the subject who is instructed to answer as QUICKLY as possible.
WORD ASSOCIATION TEST (WAT)
-The answer to the questions may be a “YES” OR A “NO”.
WORD ASSOCIATION TEST (WAT)
-When the subject is asked questions with reference to his name, address, civil status, nationality, etc. Which has NO RELATION to the subject-matter of the investigation, the tendency is to ANSWER QUICKLY.
WORD ASSOCIATION TEST (WAT)
-Unlike the lie detector, the time interval between the words uttered by the examiner and the answer of the subject is RECORDED.
WORD ASSOCIATION TEST (WAT)
-But when the questions bear some words which have to do with the criminal acts the subject allegedly committed, like knife, gun, or hammer which was used in the killing, the tendency is to DELAY THE ANSWER.
WORD ASSOCIATION TEST (WAT)
The test is not concerned with the answer, be it a ‘yes” or a “no”.
WORD ASSOCIATION TEST (WAT)
-The important factor is the time of response in relation to STIMULUS OR NON-STIMULUS WORDS.
WORD ASSOCIATION TEST (WAT)
-Unlike the lie detector, the time interval between the words uttered by the examiner and the answer of the subject is
RECORDED
-A list of STIMULUS AND NON-STIMULUS WORDS is read to the subject who is instructed to answer as
QUICKLY
Like the use of the lie detector, the subject cannot be compelled to be subjected to the test WITHOUT HIS CONSENT.
WORD ASSOCIATION TEST (WAT)
-When the subject is asked questions with reference to his name, address, civil status, nationality, etc. Which has NO RELATION to the subject-matter of the investigation, the tendency is to
ANSWER QUICKLY.
important factor in WAT
time of response
-But when the questions bear some words which have to do with the criminal acts the subject allegedly committed, like knife, gun, or hammer which was used in the killing, the tendency is to
DELAY THE ANSWER
PSE MEANS?
PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS EVALUATOR
-invented by ALLEN BELL JR. AND CHARLES MCQUISTON (1972).
PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS EVALUATOR (PSE)
PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS EVALUATOR (PSE) invented by _________ in _______
ALLEN BELL JR. AND CHARLES MCQUISTON (1972).
-It begun in United States when DEKTOR COUNTER-INTELLIGENCE & SECURITY, INC. developed an instrument called ______ that can detect emotional stress in a person’s voice.
PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS EVALUATOR (PSE)
detects, measures, and graphically displays the voice modulations that we cannot hear.
PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS EVALUATOR (PSE)
-When the person is under stress as when he is lying, the micro tremor in the voice utterance in MODERATELY OR COMPLETELY SUPPRESSED.
PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS EVALUATOR (PSE)
-When a person speaks, there are audible voice frequencies and superimposed on these are the INAUDIBLE FREQUENCY MODULATIONS which are products of minute oscillation of the muscles of the voice mechanism.
PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS EVALUATOR (PSE)
-Such oscillations of the muscles micro tremor occur at the rate of 8 TO 14 CYCLES PER SECOND and controlled by the central nervous system.
PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS EVALUATOR (PSE)
-But when a person is under stress, as when he is lying, these frequencies tend to DISAPPEAR.
PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS EVALUATOR (PSE)
-The DEGREE OF SUPPRESSION caries inversely to the degree of psychological stress in the speaker.
PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS EVALUATOR (PSE)
-When a person is relaxed and responding honestly to the questions, those inaudible frequencies are REGISTERED CLEARLY on the instrument.
PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS EVALUATOR (PSE)
PSE began in
United States
PSE was developed by
DEKTOR COUNTER-INTELLIGENCE & SECURITY, INC.
that can detect emotional stress in a person’s voice.
PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS EVALUATOR (PSE)
-When a person speaks, there are audible voice frequencies and superimposed on these are the ___________ which are products of minute oscillation of the muscles of the voice mechanism.
INAUDIBLE FREQUENCY MODULATIONS
-When the person is under stress as when he is lying, the micro tremor in the voice utterance in
MODERATELY OR COMPLETELY SUPPRESSED
-Such oscillations of the muscles micro tremor occur at the rate of ______ and controlled by the ________
8 TO 14 CYCLES PER SECOND
central nervous system
caries inversely to the degree of psychological stress in the speaker.
DEGREE OF SUPPRESSION
-When a person is relaxed and responding honestly to the questions, those inaudible frequencies are
REGISTERED CLEARLY
-But when a person is under stress, as when he is lying, these frequencies tend to
DISAPPEAR
meets the requesting party to determine the specific purpose of the examination and to begin formulation of relevant questions.
EXAMINER
is conducted with the subject to help him or her feel at ease with the examiner, to provide an opportunity to specify matters, to eliminate outside issues, and to review questions that will be asked.
PRE-TEST INTERVIEW
of about 12 TO 15 “YES” OR “NO” QUESTIONS or given which is recorded on a TAPE RECORDER.
ORAL TEST
An ORAL TEST of about __________ or given which is recorded on a _______.
12 TO 15 “YES” OR “NO” QUESTIONS
TAPE RECORDER
The questions are a MIXTURE OF RELEVANT AND IRRELEVANT QUESTIONS.
PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS EVALUATOR
Immediately following the test or at a later time, the TAPE is processed through the ______ for analysis of the answers.
PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS EVALUATOR
The EXAMINER meets the requesting party to determine the specific purpose of the examination and to begin formulation of relevant questions.
PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS EVALUATOR
A PRE-TEST INTERVIEW is conducted with the subject to help him or her feel at ease with the examiner, to provide an opportunity to specify matters, to eliminate outside issues, and to review questions that will be asked.
PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS EVALUATOR
An ORAL TEST of about 12 TO 15 “YES” OR “NO” QUESTIONS or given which is recorded on a TAPE RECORDER.
PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS EVALUATOR
If STRESS is indicated, the subject is given opportunity to provide additional clarification.
PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS EVALUATOR
is given to verify correction and clarification
RETEST
A RETEST is given to verify correction and clarification.
PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS EVALUATOR
-first introduce by ANTON MESMER.
HYPNOSIS
-The technique of inducing a person into a state of consciousness whereby he can respond to questions and is very susceptible to suggestions.
HYPNOSIS
-People who are COMPULSIVE-DEPRESSIVE AND STRONG-WILLED (like lawyers, accountants, and physicians) are usually non-hypnotizable.
HYPNOSIS
-This altered state of consciousness and heightened responsiveness to suggestion can be used to elicit the truth from a person.
HYPNOSIS
-However, not all individuals are susceptible to hypnotic induction.
HYPNOSIS
-People who are ___________ are usually non-hypnotizable.
COMPULSIVE-DEPRESSIVE AND STRONG-WILLED (like lawyers, accountants, and physicians)
HYPNOSIS invented by
ANTON MESMER.
is hypnosis admissible in court
no
REASONS IN HYPNOSIS
- LACKS THE GENERAL SCIENTIFIC ACCEPTANCE OF THE RELIABILITY OF HYPNOSIS
- THE POSSIBILITY THAT THE HYPNOTIZED SUBJECT WILL DELIBERATELY FABRICATE
- THE STATE OF HEIGHTENED SUGGESTIBILITY WILL PRODUCE DISTORTION OF THE FACT
- THE STATE OF THE MIND, SKILL AND PROFESSIONALISM OF THE EXAMINER ARE TOO SUBJECTIVE TO PERMIT ADMISSIBILITY OF THE EXPERT TESTIMONY
The fear that the ______ will give uncritical and absolute reliability to a scientific device without consideration of its flaw in ascertaining veracity.
TRIER OF FACT
-invented by DR. EDWARD MANDEL HOUSE.
TRUTH SERUM
- In this lie-detection method, the term truth serum is a
MISNOMER
a fallacy of description
MISNOMER
-Giving a drug to the examinee does not make him tell the truth, thus the chemical administered is not a serum but is actually a mind-distorting drug.
TRUTH SERUM
-In this method, common drugs used are HYOSCINE HYDROBROMIDE AND SCOPOLAMINE.
TRUTH SERUM
-The procedure does not make someone tell the truth and the thing administered is not serum but actually a drug.
TRUTH SERUM
-When the proper point is reached, the questioning begins and the subject fells a compulsion to answer the questions truthfully.
TRUTH SERUM
-He forgets his alibi which he may have built up to cover his guilt. He may give details of his acts or may even implicate others. The drug acts as depressant in the nervous system.
TRUTH SERUM
-He forgets his alibi which he may have built up to cover his guilt. He may give details of his acts or may even implicate others. The drug acts as depressant in the nervous system.
TRUTH SERUM
Truth serum common drugs used are
HYOSCINE HYDROBROMIDE AND SCOPOLAMINE.
Truth serum acts as ____ in the nervous system.
depressant
In truth serum, clinical evidence indicates the various segments of the brain particularly the
cortex
Statements taken from the subjects while under the influence of truth serum are _______ hence they are not admissible as evidence.
evolutionary obtained
-This method is similar to the preceding technique.
NARCO-ANALYSIS
-However, the drugs used in Narcoanalysis also called
NARCOSYNTHESIS
-When the effects appear, questioning starts. The drug causes depression of the inhibitory mechanism of the brain and the subject talks freely.
NARCO-ANALYSIS
NARCO-ANALYSIS drugs are
SODIUM AMYTAL AND SODIUM PENTOTHAL
-A PSYCHIATRIST WITH A LONG EXPERIENCE on this drug should be only allowed to administer this drug and conduct subsequent interrogation.
NARCO-ANALYSIS
The narco- analysis drug causes depression of the ____ of the brain and the subject talks freely.
inhibitory mechanism
on this drug should be only allowed to administer this drug and conduct subsequent interrogation.
PSYCHIATRIST WITH A LONG EXPERIENCE
-can reveal the real character behind the façade of a person.
INTOXICATION WITH ALCOHOL
-The apparent stimulation effect of ___ is really the result of the control mechanism of the brain.
alcohol/ INTOXICATION WITH ALCOHOL
like truth serum and narcoanalysis drugs “inhibit the inhibitor”.
INTOXICATION WITH ALCOHOL
The ability of ALCOHOL to reveal the real person behind the mask which all of us are said to wear __ is reflected in the age-old maxim, ________
“MASK OF SANITY”
“IN VINO VERITAS” or IN WINE THERE IS TRUTH.
The person whose statement is to be taken is allowed to take alcoholic beverages to almost
INTOXICATION
_____ made by the subjects while under the influence of alcohol may be admissible if he is physically capable to recollect the facts that he has uttered after the effects of alcohol have disappeared. But in most instances, the subjects cannot recall everything that he had mentioned or he may refuse to admit the truth of the statement given.
CONFESSIONS
“IN VINO VERITAS” means
IN WINE THERE IS TRUTH.
is an essential requirement for the administration of criminal justice.
KNOWLEDGE OF THE TRUTH
The success or failure in making decisions may rest solely on the ability to evaluate the truth or falsity of the statement given by the
SUSPECTS OR WITNESS
The task for its determination initially lies on the hand of the
INVESTIGATOR.
-is also called as INVESTIGATIVE DISCOURSE ANALYSIS AND SCIENTIFIC ANALYSIS (SCAN)
STATEMENT ANALYSIS
-is a technique for analyzing the words people use to try to determine if what they said is accurate.
STATEMENT ANALYSIS
-manufactured by the NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TRUTH VERIFICATION (NITV) is the latest in a series of instruments known to detect deception in voice responses.
THE COMPUTER VOICE STRESS ANALYZER (CVSA)
VSA MEANS
VOICE STRESS ANALYSIS
CVSA MEANS
THE COMPUTER VOICE STRESS ANALYZER
CVSA is manufactured by
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TRUTH VERIFICATION (NITV)
is the latest in a series of instruments known to detect deception in voice responses.
THE COMPUTER VOICE STRESS ANALYZER (CVSA)
-patented by LAWRENCE A. FARWELL.
BRAIN FINGERPRINTING
BRAIN FINGERPRINTING patented by
LAWRENCE A. FARWELL.
-The basic principle is that different regions of the brain light up when people tell the truth or lie, and further, that different regions are activated depending upon the type of lie.
BRAIN FINGERPRINTING
-Dr. Farwell’s research, however, looks at a specific type of electrical brain wave, called P300, which activates when a person sees a familiar object
BRAIN FINGERPRINTING
The basic principle is that different regions of the brain ____ when people tell the truth or lie, and further, that different regions are ____ depending upon the type of lie.
light up
activated
specific type of electrical brain wave, called
P300
which activates when a person sees a familiar object.
P300
-It is discovered by SEIJI OGAWA.
FUNCTIONAL MEMORY RESONANCE IMAGING (fMRI)
measures brain activity by detecting changes associated with blood flow.
FUNCTIONAL MEMORY RESONANCE IMAGING (fMRI)
-When an area of the brain is in use, blood flow to that region also increases.
FUNCTIONAL MEMORY RESONANCE IMAGING (fMRI)
-When an area of the brain is in use, blood flow to that region also
increases
FUNCTIONAL MEMORY RESONANCE IMAGING (fMRI) discovered by
SEIJI OGAWA
-is a common method of deciding guilt or innocence and a practice of referring questions to the judgment of God, Determined by Various means, particularly by physical tests.
ORDEAL, TRIAL OR JUDICIUM DEI
- a severe test of character or endurance;
ORDEAL
-a trying course of experience
ORDEAL
-A medieval form of judicial trial in which the accused was subjected to various test.
ORDEAL
A term of varying meaning closely related in the Medieval Latin “DEI INDICUM” meaning
“MIRACULOUS DECISION”
A term of varying meaning closely related in the __________ “DEI INDICUM” meaning “MIRACULOUS DECISION”
Medieval Latin
-or English translation “HINDU BOOK OF HEALTH AND SCIENCE”
AYUR-VEDA
- the earliest known reference of the methods for detecting deception.
AYUR-VEDA
-Basis of the invention of polygraph.
–from India
AYUR-VEDA
-This ordeal is practiced in the HILL TRIBE OF RAJHMAL IN THE NORTH BENGAL.
RED HOT IRON ORDEAL
The accused PLACED HIS TONGUE to a red hot iron NINE TIMES (9) unless burned sooner. If burned, he is put to DEATH.
RED HOT IRON ORDEAL
The accused had to carry a BAR OF RED-HOT IRON IN HIS HANDS while he walked NINE MARKED PACES. In the unlikely event of NO BURNS APPEARING on his hands, he was adjudged INNOCENT. Otherwise, he was promptly hanged.
RED HOT IRON ORDEAL
RED HOT IRON ORDEAL practiced in the
HILL TRIBE OF RAJHMAL IN THE NORTH BENGAL
The accused had to carry a BAR OF RED-HOT IRON IN HIS HANDS while he walked ____. In the unlikely event of NO BURNS APPEARING on his hands, he was adjudged INNOCENT. Otherwise, he was promptly hanged.
NINE MARKED PACES
The accused PLACED HIS TONGUE to a red hot iron _____ unless burned sooner. If burned, he is put to ____.
NINE TIMES (9)
DEATH
-This ordeal is practiced in the INSTITUTE OF VISHNU, INDIA.
ORDEAL BY BALANCE
A SCALE is used, in one end of the scale the accused is placed and in the other end is a counter balance. The person will step out of the scale and listen to a judge to deliver an exhortation on the balance and get back in, if he was found LIGHTER that before, then he should be acquitted.
ORDEAL BY BALANCE
ORDEAL BY BALANCE practiced
INSTITUTE OF VISHNU, INDIA
A SCALE is used, in one end of the scale the accused is placed and in the other end is a counter balance. The person will step out of the scale and listen to a judge to deliver an _______ on the balance and get back in, if he was found _______ that before, then he should be acquitted.
exhortation
LIGHTER
-This ordeal was the usual mode of trial allowed to member of the lower classes.
ORDEAL BY WATER
–cast system of India
ORDEAL BY WATER
- known as lower classes
UNTOUCHABLES
is regarded as symbol of flood in the Old Testament that washed the sins from the face of the earth.
WATER
allowed only the righteous people to survive.
FLOOD WATER
In ___, WATER ORDEAL was the usual mode of trial allowed for members of the lower classes.
ancient ENGLAND
TWO KINDS OF ORDEAL BY WATER
a.) BOILING WATER ORDEAL
B.) COLD WATER ORDEAL
– According to the laws of ATHELSTAN the first king of England.
a.) BOILING WATER ORDEAL
the first king of England.
ATHELSTAN
consisted of lifting a stone out of boiling water, if the accused was able to lift a stone out of the boiling water he is considered innocent otherwise he is guilty.
a.) BOILING WATER ORDEAL
-The method is that the subject will plunged their right arms into the boiling pot to the elbow and step into other side of the fire.
USED IN MODERN AFRICA- BOILING WATER ORDEAL
-All are told to undergo the test without a murmur and when all are finished, they are told to return at the same time the next afternoon.
USED IN MODERN AFRICA- BOILING WATER ORDEAL
-The one who by that time had lost some or showed blisters would prove the THIEF. (points out who is the one who steal among his tribe mates)
USED IN MODERN AFRICA- BOILING WATER ORDEAL
-The accused was forced to dip his hands into boiling water or oil and ask to pick up stone in it. If remains unhurt the he is innocent.
PRACTICED IN ASIAN COUNTRIES- BOILING WATER ORDEAL
-The accused was forced to dip his hands into boiling water or oil and ask to pick up stone in it. If remains unhurt the he is innocent.
PRACTICED IN ASIAN COUNTRIES- BOILING WATER ORDEAL
–Southern Philippines used this
PRACTICED IN ASIAN COUNTRIES- BOILING WATER ORDEAL
In modern africa on boiling water ordeal, the one who by that time had lost some or showed blisters would prove the
THIEF
–The usual mode of trial for witchcraft practiced in EUROPE AND EARLY UNITED STATES (17TH CENTURY).
COLD WATER ORDEAL
COLD WATER ORDEAL practiced in _____- on ______
EUROPE AND EARLY UNITED STATES (17TH CENTURY).
-It involves a “no-win” situation just like some other dangerous forms of ordeal.
COLD WATER ORDEAL
-In this ordeal, the accused was:
- put into a sack then thrown into an icy pond.
- If the accused sank this showed he was innocent, but he might well drown anyway.
- If he floated, this was taken proof that he was lying and he would be hanged.
COLD WATER ORDEAL
–this can result to HYPOTHERMIA
COLD WATER ORDEAL
-In this cold water ordeal, the accused was:
* put into a sack then thrown into an______
* If the accused ______ this showed he was innocent, but he might well drown anyway.
* If he floated, this was taken proof that he was lying and he would be __.
icy pond.
sank
hanged
-This ordeal is practiced by INDIANS.
It is performed with a kind of rice called “SATHEE”, prepared with various incantations (prayers or chants).
ORDEAL BY RICE CHEWING
- The person on trial eats the sathee,
- with the FACE TO EAST
- and then spits upon a pea leaf.
- If saliva is mixed with blood or the corner of his mouth swells or he trembles, he is declared to be a liar.
ORDEAL BY RICE CHEWING
ORDEAL BY RICE CHEWING practice by
INDIANS.
It is performed with a kind of rice called
“SATHEE”,
It is performed with a kind of rice called “SATHEE”, prepared with various
incantations
used in the wide region of EASTERN AFRICA.
ORDEAL OF THE RED WATER
-The ordeal is also known as “SASSY BARK
ORDEAL OF THE RED WATER
In Ordeal by Rice chewing
* The person on trial eats the sathee,
* with the _____
* and then spits upon a ____.
* If saliva is mixed with blood or the corner of his mouth swells or he trembles, he is declared to be a liar.
FACE TO EAST
pea leaf
ORDEAL OF THE RED WATER used in
EASTERN AFRICA
The accused is made to
- fast for TWELVE HOURS,
- and then swallows a small amount of rice.
- Then he will be imbedded in DARK COLORED WATER. The water is actually EMETIC and if the suspect ejects all rice, he is considered innocent of the charge. Otherwise, the accused is guilty.
ORDEAL OF THE RED WATER
ORDEAL OF THE RED WATER
The accused is made to
* fast for ____,
* and then swallows a _____ of rice.
* Then he will be imbedded in ______. The water is actually __ and if the suspect ejects all rice, he is considered innocent of the charge. Otherwise, the accused is guilty.
TWELVE HOURS
small amount
DARK COLORED WATER
EMETIC
-This ordeal originated from INDIA whereas it is considered as duel in European ages
ORDEAL BY COMBAT
-In ENGLAND, KING HENRY III abolished all legal ordeals except
ORDEAL BY COMBAT
-This ordeal was vividly dramatized in the movie “Ivanhoe” based on the novel of the same title.
ORDEAL BY COMBAT
ORDEAL BY COMBAT is from
INDIA.
-In ___, ________ abolished all legal ordeals except Ordeal by Combat.
ENGLAND, KING HENRY III
ORDEAL BY COMBAT was vividly dramatized in the movie _____ based on the novel of the same title.
“Ivanhoe”
The aggrieved party claimed the right to fight the alleged offender or to pay a champion to fight for him.
ORDEAL BY COMBAT
- The VICTOR is said to win not by own strength but because of supernatural powers that had intervened on the side of the right, as in the duel in the European ages in which the “judgment of God was thought to determine the winner”.
ORDEAL BY COMBAT
- If still alive after the combat, the loser might be hanged or burned for criminal offense or have a hand cut off and property confiscated in civil actions.
ORDEAL BY COMBAT
is said to win not by own strength but because of supernatural powers that had intervened on the side of the right, as in the duel in the European ages in which the “judgment of God was thought to determine the winner”.
VICTOR
- The VICTOR is said to win not by own strength but because of supernatural powers that had intervened on the side of the right, as in the duel in the ______ in which the “judgment of God was thought to determine the winner”.
European ages
-This ordeal is practiced in CHINA AND ALEXANDRIA, EGYPT.
ORDEAL OF THE CORSNAED/ ORDEAL BY BLESSED BREAD
ORDEAL OF THE CORSNAED/ ORDEAL BY BLESSED BREAD practiced in
CHINA AND ALEXANDRIA, EGYPT
A ____ puts the corsnaed or hallowed bread into the mouth of the accused, with various ____ (prayers). If the accused swallowed it, he was freed from punishment.
priest
imprecations
A priest puts the corsnaed or hallowed bread into the mouth of the accused, with various imprecations (prayers). If the accused swallowed it, he was freed from punishment.
ORDEAL OF THE CORSNAED/ ORDEAL BY BLESSED BREAD
-This ordeal is practiced in EUROPEAN COUNTRIES.
TEST OF THE EUCHARIST
This was applied chiefly among the CLERGIES AND MONKS. When they look the host, it was believed the God would smite the guilty with sickness or death.
TEST OF THE EUCHARIST
- Others believe that if the accused is innocent, when given a poisonous drink for him to take in,
TEST OF THE EUCHARIST
- ANGEL GABRIEL will descend from heaven to prevent the accused from taking in the poisonous drink.
TEST OF THE EUCHARIST
TEST OF THE EUCHARIST practiced in
EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
will descend from heaven to prevent the accused from taking in the poisonous drink.
ANGEL GABRIEL
-This ordeal is practiced in AUSTRALIAN AND EUROPEAN COUNTRIES.
ORDEAL OF THE BIER
ORDEAL OF THE BIER practiced in
AUSTRALIAN AND EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
- is a stand on which a corpse or coffin is placed
BIER
In ENGLAND, it was customary for the accused approach the bier on which the corpse lay, in view of the witness, the wounds of the victim were observed to see if they began to bleed again. They believe that murderer is near, which causes the blood to flow out from the wound of the victim. This ordeal was recorded well by SHAKESPEARE IN “RICHARD III”.
ORDEAL OF THE BIER
. It’s was an ancient belief that the slain dead could point out their killer.
Ordeal of the Bier
The corpse was brought on a BIER OF BOUGHS (trunk of trees) after which the natives ask the corpse if it has been bewitched. If the victim died by witchcraft, the corpse supposed to know more and if the sorcerer who killed him was present, the corpse will touch him.
ORDEAL OF THE BIER
In _____, it was customary for the accused approach the bier on which the corpse lay, in view of the witness, the wounds of the victim were observed to see if they began to bleed again. They believe that murderer is near, which causes the blood to flow out from the wound of the victim. This ordeal was recorded well by ____
ENGLAND
SHAKESPEARE IN “RICHARD III”.
The corpse was brought on a _________ (trunk of trees) after which the natives ask the corpse if it has been bewitched. If the victim died by witchcraft, the corpse supposed to know more and if the sorcerer who killed him was present, the corpse will touch him.
BIER OF BOUGHS
-This ordeal is practiced in WANAKA, EASTERN AFRICA.
ORDEAL OF THE NEEDLE
ORDEAL OF THE NEEDLE practice in
WANAKA, EASTERN AFRICA.
A red-hot needle was drawn through the lips of the alleged criminal and if blood flowed from the wound, he was deemed guilty; but if none, he is innocent.
ORDEAL OF THE NEEDLE
A red-hot needle was drawn through the __ of the alleged criminal and if blood flowed from the wound, he was deemed guilty; but if none, he is innocent.
lips
-This ordeal is practiced in EAST GERMANY, EARLY SCANDINAVIAN COUNTRIES AND EARLY ENGLAND.
ORDEAL BY HEAT AND FIRE
ORDEAL BY HEAT AND FIRE practiced by
EAST GERMANY, EARLY SCANDINAVIAN COUNTRIES AND EARLY ENGLAND.
a.a. The accused walked barefooted over coals of fire.
b.b. Made to walk through fire, if he was unharmed by the fire he was considered innocent.
ORDEAL BY HEAT AND FIRE
-This ordeal is practiced in EUROPE.
. TRIAL OF THE CROSS (TEST OF THE CROSS ORDEAL)
a.a. The accuser and the accused
* were placed under the cross with their arms extended or crosswise and
* the first to move his hands or suffer them to fall was held guilty.
TRIAL OF THE CROSS (TEST OF THE CROSS ORDEAL)
b.b. The accused was
* placed before relics and
* two dice were then produced, one marked with a cross, of these one taken up at hazard.
* If it happened to bear the sign of the cross, the accused was acquitted.
. TRIAL OF THE CROSS (TEST OF THE CROSS ORDEAL)
TRIAL OF THE CROSS (TEST OF THE CROSS ORDEAL) practiced in
EUROPE.
a.a. The accused was
* dressed in cloth covered with wax and
* walked barefooted over coals of fire.
* If he was unhurt by the fire and the wax did not melt, he was considered innocent.
TRIAL OF THE WAXEN SHIRT
-It was mentioned by HANS GROSS
HEREDITARY SIEVE METHOD
the Father of Criminalistics in his famous book in criminal investigation.
HANS GROSS
- Beans were thrown into the sieve as the name of the suspect was called,
- mentioned this ordeal. If the beans jump out of the sieve, the owner of the sieve is innocent.
- If the beans remained in the sieve the person named is a thief.
HEREDITARY SIEVE METHOD
- ___ were thrown into the sieve as the name of the suspect was called,
- mentioned this ordeal. If the beans jump out of the sieve, the owner of the sieve is innocent.
- If the beans remained in the sieve the person named is a __.
Beans
thief
-Psychological theory
DONKEY’S TAIL ORDEAL
a.a. The donkey is placed in one room alone and observed it, and if the donkey cried the accused is guilty of the crime, because deep inside and in his conscience, he is guilty.
DONKEY’S TAIL ORDEAL
are associative animal
DONKEY
-Practiced in SIAM (THAILAND).
ORDEAL OF THE TIGER
ORDEAL OF THE TIGER practiced in
SIAM (THAILAND).
SIAM means
land of the Thai people
OTHER COUNTRIES PRACTICING ORDEAL
- BURMA
- MADAGASCAR
- BORNEO
- GREECE
- NIGERIA
a.a. The accused and accuser
* are place on a cage of a tiger;
* if the tiger spare one of them he is considered innocent.
* However, if the tiger did not harm the accuser and killed the accused, the accuser is telling the truth
ORDEAL OF THE TIGER
whereby it involves two parties being furnished with candles of equal size and lighted simultaneously;
BURMA
The ORDEAL BY DIVINATION is being practiced in this country
BURMA
-the owner of the candle that outlast the other is adjudged to have won his cause.
BURMA
– Legal authorities practiced trial by ordeal.
MADAGASCAR
-The supposed criminal was made to drink a decoction; a poisonous fruit called “TANGENA”, a small dose is fatal, by managing to size of the dose, those who administer it can decide result.
MADAGASCAR
-The supposed criminal was made to drink a decoction
MADAGASCAR
a poisonous fruit called _____, a small dose is fatal, by managing to size of the dose, those who administer it can decide result.
“TANGENA”
– The accuser and accused were presented shellfish placed on a plate.
BORNEO
-An irritating fluid was then poured on the shellfish and the litigant whose shellfish moved first was adjudged the winner.
BORNEO
-An ___was then poured on the shellfish and the litigant whose shellfish moved first was adjudged the winner.
irritating fluid
-A suspended axe was spun at the center of a group of suspects.
GREECE
– The AXE ORDEAL is being practiced in this country.
GREECE
aa. The priest “greased a cock’s feather” and pierced the tongue of the accused, if feather passed through the tongue easily, the accused was deemed innocent. If not, the accused is guilty.
NIGERIA
-When the axe stopped, whoever was in the line with the blade as supposed to be guilty out by the divine providence.
GREECE
bb. The pouring of corrosive liquid into the eyes of the accused who was supposed to be unharmed if innocent.
NIGERIA
The _____ “greased a cock’s feather” and pierced the tongue of the accused, if feather passed through the tongue easily, the accused was deemed innocent. If not, the accused is guilty.
priest
cc. Pouring of boiling oil over the hand of the accused with the usual requisites for guilt or innocence is also practiced.
NIGERIA
In Nigeria, the pouring of _______ into the eyes of the accused who was supposed to be unharmed if innocent.
corrosive liquid into the eyes
The priest _______ and pierced the tongue of the accused, if feather passed through the tongue easily, the accused was deemed innocent. If not, the accused is guilty.
“greased a cock’s feather”
Pouring of _______ over the hand of the accused with the usual requisites for guilt or innocence is also practiced.
boiling oil
In the __________ some of the ordeal had died out in England and on the other Continents.
MIDDLE OF THE 13TH CENTURY
