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Language development > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of “language”

A

ASHA: “complex and dynamic system of conventional symbols that are used in various modes for thought and communication.”
- a rule-governed behavior
“ It is defined as the comprehension and/or use of a spoken (i.e., listening and speaking), written (i.e., reading and writing), and/or other communication symbol system (e.g., American Sign Language).

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2
Q

Spoken and written language are composed

A

of receptive (i.e., listening and reading) and expressive (i.e., speaking and writing) components.

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3
Q

Characteristics of Language

A
  • System of Symbols
    • Conventional - Standard
    • Dynamic - Changes
    • A cognitive tool for Communication
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4
Q

what is laguage?

A
  • is a code, system of symbols
  • its conventional
  • a tool of communication
  • a basic model of speech production
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5
Q

morphemes

A

smallest unit of language that carry meaning

- can be combined to form words

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6
Q

a code is..

A

the translation of 1 type of information into another

  • relationship between a word and its reference is arbitrary
  • we must follow specific rules to organize words in sentences
    ex: happy translate to a feeling
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7
Q

language communities..

A 
" a group of people who use a common language"
They emerge due to 
- geographic reasons
- sociological reasons
- economic reasons
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8
Q

the language system is ..

A

dynamic- in a state of activity and change always
change occurs when
- when a person is acquiring language
- when a community uses a certain leanguage
—– they add or get rid of words they use or don’t use

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9
Q

communication

A

process of sharing info such as thoughts,feelings and ideas between 2 or more people

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10
Q

neural circuitry (modules)

A

circuitry of the brain became highly specialized in several regions to handle the task of developing and using language

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11
Q

Modularity

A

a cognitive science theory

  • “the human mind is organized within the structures of the brain
  • brain is made of highly specific modules
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12
Q

modules

A

regions of the brain to process specific types of info
Domain specific: process specific type of info
General: process large info

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13
Q

speech

A

“The neuromuscular process by which language is turned into a sound
signal and transmitted to a receiver”
has 4 system of respiration,phonation,resonance and articulation
- used to share language, writing, reading and singing
*** Speech depends on language bc lang give speech its meaning

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14
Q

language does not depends

A

on speech bc language can be shared by other means

speech and language are largely independent process

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15
Q

locked in syndrome

A

intact language and cognition;unable to produce speech

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16
Q

hearing

A

sensory system that allows speech to enter into and be processed by the brain
- essential to reception and comprehension of spoken lang
2 types: general auditory perception (you cant tell what it is) and speech perception (diff sounds of letters)

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17
Q

acoustics

A

the study of sound

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18
Q

transmission and reception of speech

A

involvees 4 acoustic events

  • creating of sound
  • vibration of air particles : frequency, pitch and ntnesity/ oudness
  • reception by the ear 3-3 chamber outer,middle , inner
  • comprehension by the brain (left hemisphere)
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19
Q

speech percetion

A

how the brain processes SPEECH and language

  • involves processing phonemic info
  • not necessarily sequential bc od co articulation
  • phonemes overlap with one another when humans produce speech
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20
Q

auditory perception

A

How the brain processes any type of auditory information (e.g., a clap of the hands), not just speech.

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21
Q

sender

A

formulates and trnasmits the info

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22
Q

receiver

A

takes in and comprehends the info

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23
Q

formulation

A

pulling together thought for sharing

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24
Q

reception:

A

receiving the info

25
Q

transmition

A

conveying ideas

26
Q

comprehension

A

make sense of info

27
Q

communication can be…

A
  • symbolic: specific entity and relatinship between the entity and reference
  • preintentional: assume the relationship between a behavior and its reference
  • intentional: relationship between the behavior and reference is not arbitrary
28
Q

people share info to..

A

request
reject
comment

29
Q

oral communication

A

the ocmbination of speaking and listening

30
Q

model of communication

A
  • sender formulates and transmits message
  • receiver receives and comprehends
  • shared symbolic means for communication
31
Q

feedback makes

A

communication active and dynamic

effective communication

32
Q

linguistic feedback:

A

involves speaking

33
Q

nonlinguistic feedback:

A

use of eye contact, facil expressions, posture and proximity

34
Q

paralinguistic feedback

A

pitch,loudness and pausing

35
Q

major purposes of communication:

A

instrumental, regulatory, interaction, personal, heuristic, imaginative and informative

36
Q

major domains of language

A

form: how words, sentences nad sound are organized
content: the words used and their meaning
use: how people draw on language functionally to meet needs

37
Q

5 component system

A 
phonology
morphology
syntax
semantics
pragmantics
38
Q

phnonlogy

A

rules of a language governing the sounds that make syllables and words
39 phones in English

39
Q

morphology

A

rules of language governing the internal organization of words

  • allows us to add specificity to language
  • allows us to expand vocab exponentially by using a small core of words
  • grammatical morpheme include plural
40
Q

syntax

A

governs the internal organization of snetences

41
Q

semantics

A

governs the meaning of individual words and word comnications
- allows meaning of words, how many meaning a word has and wherether meaning are literal or figurative

42
Q

pragmatics

A

governs language use for social purposes
- social communication
using lang for different functions or intentions
knowing what to say and when and how to say it

43
Q

allophones

A

subtle variations of phonemes due to context

44
Q

phonotactics:

A

eahc language has their rules governing how sounds are organized

45
Q

remarkable features of language

A 
acquisition rate
universality
species specificity
semanticity
productivity
46
Q

acquisition rate

A

Within 1 year of birth, children begin to understand and use
several words
• By 24 months, they have a vocabulary of several hundred words and can combine them into short sentences
• Birth to puberty is called a critical period for language development

47
Q

universality

A

Suggeststhatallpersonsaroundtheworldapplythesame
cognitive infrastructure to learning language
• Thisinfrastructureisparticularlysuitedtodeveloping symbolic representations for objects and actions
• Thewaychildrenlearnlanguageandthetimeframesfor milestones are relatively invariant across the globe

48
Q

semanticity

A

Alsocalleddisplacement
• Allowspeopletorepresenteventsthataredecontextualized to share what happened before this moment or that may happen in the future
• Allowspeopletorepresenttheworldtoothers

49
Q

productivity

A

Theprincipleofcombination;thatasmallnumberof discrete units can be combined into seemingly infinite creations
• Youcanproduceasentencenoonehaseveruttered
• Nonhumancommunicationsystemscannotberecombined to make new meanings

50
Q

language differneces and language disorders

A 
- variavility amoung language uses due to 
dialect
bilingualis
gender
language learning environment
51
Q

dialect

A

Naturalvariationsofalanguagethatevolvewithinspecific
cultural or geographic boundaries
• Variationsaffectform,content,anduse

52
Q

billingualism

A

About1/5ofAmericansspeakalanguageotherthan
English at home
• Code-switching:Interchangesbetweenthesyntaxand vocabulary of two languages
• Simultaneousbilingualism
• Sequentialbilingualism

53
Q

gender

A

About1/5ofAmericansspeakalanguageotherthan
English at home
• Code-switching:Interchangesbetweenthesyntaxand vocabulary of two languages
• Simultaneousbilingualism
• Sequentialbilingualism

54
Q

language learning environment

A

Neuralarchitecturethatsupportslanguageacquisitionis
calibrated in the basis of input from the environment
• Thequantityandqualityoflanguageexperiencedare important factors
• Howoftentoddlersandpreschoolersparticipatein conversation with caregivers is associated with language growth in the first few years of life
Caregiverresponsiveness(promptness,contingency,and appropriateness) is important
• Highercaregiverresponsivenessisassociatedwith accelerated rates of language development

55
Q

language disorders

A

result of
heritable langiage impairment
developmental disability
brain injury

56
Q

heritable langiage impairment

A

Exhibitdepressedlanguageabilities,typicallywithno
other concomitant impairment of intellect
• Oftencalledspecificlanguageimpairment(SLI)
• Affectsabout7-10%ofchildren
• SLIisthemostcommontypeofcommunicationimpairment in children

57
Q

developmental disability

A

Languagedisorderissecondary
• Commoncausesareintellectualdisability(ID)andautism spectrum disorder (ASD)
• 1in68childrenhaveASD
• ChildrenwithASDusuallyexhibitmildtoprofound language impairment; some never develop productive language
Socialcommunicationdisorder(SCD)orpragmatic
communication disorder is related to ASD
• Historically,individualswithSCDhavebeenreferredtoas having “high functioning ASD” but now is considered separate from autism.

58
Q

brain injury

A

can occur in uteor and perinatally or can be acquired
physical trauma called traumatic brain injuries
injuries can be diffuse or focal
damages areas of the brain are applied to complex skills and activities

Language development (11 decks)

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