Chapter 1 Flashcards
Definition of “language”
ASHA: “complex and dynamic system of conventional symbols that are used in various modes for thought and communication.”
- a rule-governed behavior
“ It is defined as the comprehension and/or use of a spoken (i.e., listening and speaking), written (i.e., reading and writing), and/or other communication symbol system (e.g., American Sign Language).
Spoken and written language are composed
of receptive (i.e., listening and reading) and expressive (i.e., speaking and writing) components.
Characteristics of Language
- System of Symbols
• Conventional - Standard
• Dynamic - Changes
• A cognitive tool for Communication
what is laguage?
- is a code, system of symbols
- its conventional
- a tool of communication
- a basic model of speech production
morphemes
smallest unit of language that carry meaning
- can be combined to form words
a code is..
the translation of 1 type of information into another
- relationship between a word and its reference is arbitrary
- we must follow specific rules to organize words in sentences
ex: happy translate to a feeling
language communities..
" a group of people who use a common language" They emerge due to - geographic reasons - sociological reasons - economic reasons
the language system is ..
dynamic- in a state of activity and change always
change occurs when
- when a person is acquiring language
- when a community uses a certain leanguage
—– they add or get rid of words they use or don’t use
communication
process of sharing info such as thoughts,feelings and ideas between 2 or more people
neural circuitry (modules)
circuitry of the brain became highly specialized in several regions to handle the task of developing and using language
Modularity
a cognitive science theory
- “the human mind is organized within the structures of the brain
- brain is made of highly specific modules
modules
regions of the brain to process specific types of info
Domain specific: process specific type of info
General: process large info
speech
“The neuromuscular process by which language is turned into a sound
signal and transmitted to a receiver”
has 4 system of respiration,phonation,resonance and articulation
- used to share language, writing, reading and singing
*** Speech depends on language bc lang give speech its meaning
language does not depends
on speech bc language can be shared by other means
speech and language are largely independent process
locked in syndrome
intact language and cognition;unable to produce speech
hearing
sensory system that allows speech to enter into and be processed by the brain
- essential to reception and comprehension of spoken lang
2 types: general auditory perception (you cant tell what it is) and speech perception (diff sounds of letters)
acoustics
the study of sound
transmission and reception of speech
involvees 4 acoustic events
- creating of sound
- vibration of air particles : frequency, pitch and ntnesity/ oudness
- reception by the ear 3-3 chamber outer,middle , inner
- comprehension by the brain (left hemisphere)
speech percetion
how the brain processes SPEECH and language
- involves processing phonemic info
- not necessarily sequential bc od co articulation
- phonemes overlap with one another when humans produce speech
auditory perception
How the brain processes any type of auditory information (e.g., a clap of the hands), not just speech.
sender
formulates and trnasmits the info
receiver
takes in and comprehends the info
formulation
pulling together thought for sharing
reception:
receiving the info
transmition
conveying ideas
comprehension
make sense of info
communication can be…
- symbolic: specific entity and relatinship between the entity and reference
- preintentional: assume the relationship between a behavior and its reference
- intentional: relationship between the behavior and reference is not arbitrary
people share info to..
request
reject
comment
oral communication
the ocmbination of speaking and listening
model of communication
- sender formulates and transmits message
- receiver receives and comprehends
- shared symbolic means for communication
feedback makes
communication active and dynamic
effective communication
linguistic feedback:
involves speaking
nonlinguistic feedback:
use of eye contact, facil expressions, posture and proximity
paralinguistic feedback
pitch,loudness and pausing
major purposes of communication:
instrumental, regulatory, interaction, personal, heuristic, imaginative and informative
major domains of language
form: how words, sentences nad sound are organized
content: the words used and their meaning
use: how people draw on language functionally to meet needs
5 component system
phonology morphology syntax semantics pragmantics
phnonlogy
rules of a language governing the sounds that make syllables and words
39 phones in English
morphology
rules of language governing the internal organization of words
- allows us to add specificity to language
- allows us to expand vocab exponentially by using a small core of words
- grammatical morpheme include plural
syntax
governs the internal organization of snetences
semantics
governs the meaning of individual words and word comnications
- allows meaning of words, how many meaning a word has and wherether meaning are literal or figurative
pragmatics
governs language use for social purposes
- social communication
using lang for different functions or intentions
knowing what to say and when and how to say it
allophones
subtle variations of phonemes due to context
phonotactics:
eahc language has their rules governing how sounds are organized
remarkable features of language
acquisition rate universality species specificity semanticity productivity
acquisition rate
Within 1 year of birth, children begin to understand and use
several words
• By 24 months, they have a vocabulary of several hundred words and can combine them into short sentences
• Birth to puberty is called a critical period for language development
universality
Suggeststhatallpersonsaroundtheworldapplythesame
cognitive infrastructure to learning language
• Thisinfrastructureisparticularlysuitedtodeveloping symbolic representations for objects and actions
• Thewaychildrenlearnlanguageandthetimeframesfor milestones are relatively invariant across the globe
semanticity
Alsocalleddisplacement
• Allowspeopletorepresenteventsthataredecontextualized to share what happened before this moment or that may happen in the future
• Allowspeopletorepresenttheworldtoothers
productivity
Theprincipleofcombination;thatasmallnumberof discrete units can be combined into seemingly infinite creations
• Youcanproduceasentencenoonehaseveruttered
• Nonhumancommunicationsystemscannotberecombined to make new meanings
language differneces and language disorders
- variavility amoung language uses due to dialect bilingualis gender language learning environment
dialect
Naturalvariationsofalanguagethatevolvewithinspecific
cultural or geographic boundaries
• Variationsaffectform,content,anduse
billingualism
About1/5ofAmericansspeakalanguageotherthan
English at home
• Code-switching:Interchangesbetweenthesyntaxand vocabulary of two languages
• Simultaneousbilingualism
• Sequentialbilingualism
gender
About1/5ofAmericansspeakalanguageotherthan
English at home
• Code-switching:Interchangesbetweenthesyntaxand vocabulary of two languages
• Simultaneousbilingualism
• Sequentialbilingualism
language learning environment
Neuralarchitecturethatsupportslanguageacquisitionis
calibrated in the basis of input from the environment
• Thequantityandqualityoflanguageexperiencedare important factors
• Howoftentoddlersandpreschoolersparticipatein conversation with caregivers is associated with language growth in the first few years of life
Caregiverresponsiveness(promptness,contingency,and appropriateness) is important
• Highercaregiverresponsivenessisassociatedwith accelerated rates of language development
language disorders
result of
heritable langiage impairment
developmental disability
brain injury
heritable langiage impairment
Exhibitdepressedlanguageabilities,typicallywithno
other concomitant impairment of intellect
• Oftencalledspecificlanguageimpairment(SLI)
• Affectsabout7-10%ofchildren
• SLIisthemostcommontypeofcommunicationimpairment in children
developmental disability
Languagedisorderissecondary
• Commoncausesareintellectualdisability(ID)andautism spectrum disorder (ASD)
• 1in68childrenhaveASD
• ChildrenwithASDusuallyexhibitmildtoprofound language impairment; some never develop productive language
Socialcommunicationdisorder(SCD)orpragmatic
communication disorder is related to ASD
• Historically,individualswithSCDhavebeenreferredtoas having “high functioning ASD” but now is considered separate from autism.
brain injury
can occur in uteor and perinatally or can be acquired
physical trauma called traumatic brain injuries
injuries can be diffuse or focal
damages areas of the brain are applied to complex skills and activities
