chapter 1

Question 1

microbe

Answer 1

living organism that requires a microscope to be seen. single or multicellular.Have proteins, sugars, and genomes made of nucleic acids

Question 2

virus

Answer 2

noncellular particle w/ genetic material that takes over metabolism of cell to generate more virus particles.

Question 3

prokaryotes

Answer 3

cells lacking nucleus. bacteria and archaea

Question 4

eukaryotes

Answer 4

cells with a nucleus. algae, protists, and fungi

Question 5

genome

Answer 5

genetic info in organism’s chromosomal dna

Question 6

microbial capabilities are defined by their

Answer 6

genome sequences

Question 7

good things about microbes

Answer 7

food (cheese, bread, wine) our body is made of microbes.

Question 8

bad things about microbes

Answer 8

disease (plague, cholera, tuberculosis). more soldiers died from microbial infections than battle wounds. (medical statistics discovered by Florence Nightingale)

Question 9

bacterial width range from

Answer 9

0.125 to 80 to 750 micrometers.

Question 10

average bacteria

Answer 10

1 micrometer wide, 2-4 micrometers long

Question 11

number of prokaryotes, eukaryotes, and viruses

Answer 11

180,000 (mostly bacteria, fewer archaea), 7,000, 23,000

Question 12

E. coli and B. fragilis

Answer 12

look very similar, but perform different functions. share 40% of genes.

Question 13

C. elegans and humans

Answer 13

share 38% of genes.

Question 14

spontaneous generation

Answer 14

concept where living creatures (such as maggots) could arise spontaneously, without parents.

Question 15

fermentation

Answer 15

microbes gain energy by converting sugars into alcohol. actually caused by living yeast, a single celled fungus.

Question 16

autoclave

Answer 16

steam pressure device. sterilized materials.

Question 17

germ theory of disease

Answer 17

theory that many diseases are caused by microbes.

Question 18

chain of infection

Answer 18

transmission of a disease

Question 19

pure culture

Answer 19

culture grown from single “parental” cell

Question 20

Robert Koch

Answer 20

• Anthrax – demonstrated chain of infection
• Tuberculosis –pure culture techniques
• Determined bacterium that causes tuberculosis
• Koch’s postulates

Question 21

vaccination

Answer 21

practice of cowpox inoculation. Edward Jenner

Question 22

immunization

Answer 22

deliberate inoculation with a weakened pathogen

Question 23

two ways to reduce the effect of a strain

Answer 23

heat or aging

Question 24

antiseptic

Answer 24

ex chlorine. a chemical that kills microbes

Question 25

aseptic

Answer 25

environ free of microbes

Question 26

antibiotic

Answer 26

kills growth of selected microorganisms

Question 27

we consider viruses as

what do they contain?

Answer 27

“subcellular organisms”

Rna only.

Question 28

Louis Pasteur

Answer 28

showed that microbes dont grow in liquid until introduced from the outside. made “swan neck” flask, allowing air, but not microbes or dust to get in. no microbe growth, unless the flask was tilted or broken.

Question 29

winogradsky column

Answer 29

Built ecosystem for microbes to see how they separate into their own habitats
• Mud, organic C source, and inorganic C source
• After exposure to light for several weeks several zones of color develop

Question 30

photosynthesis

Answer 30

use light to split water and produce oxygen

Question 31

geochemical cycling

Answer 31

interconversion of inorganic and organic forms of N, S, P, and others. without this, no plants or animals could live.

Question 32

nitrogen fixation

Answer 32

archaea and bacteria fix nitrogen by reducing it to ammonia (NH3).

Question 33

biofilms

Answer 33

microbes growing on a solid surface. in human body.

Question 34

microbiota or microbiome

Answer 34

all microbes associated with human body

Question 35

Haeckel categorized microbes in a third kind of life-neither animal nor plant- called

Answer 35

Monera.

Question 36

mitochondria and chloroplasts contain

Answer 36

DNA

Question 37

transformation

Answer 37

transforming harmless bacteria into a strain capable of killing mice. genetic material=dna

Question 38

bacterial dna polymerases are used for

Answer 38

polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplification of dna.

Question 39

Koch’s postulates

Answer 39

1. The microbe is found in all cases of disease but is
   absent from healthy individuals
   • 2. The microbe is isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture.
   • 3. When the microbe is introduced into a healthy host (or animal model), the host shows the same disease.
   • 4. The same strain of microbe is obtained from the newly diseased host. When cultured, the strain shows the same characteristics as before.

Question 40

smallpox

Answer 40

infected large fraction of european population

Question 41

Lady Mary Montagu

Answer 41

introduced practice of smallpox inoculation in Europe

Question 42

rabies vaccine (Louis Pasteur)

Answer 42

required heat treatments and repeated inoculations

Question 43

Most microbes don’t grow on typical media

Answer 43

Less than 0.1% of microbial species can be cultured in lab

Question 44

Carl Woese

Answer 44

three domains of life based on 16S rRNA sequence

•found in all life.

Question 45

archaea

Answer 45

-Similar in size and shape to bacteria –diff. biochemistry
• Ribosomes more similar to eukaryotes
-Many live in harsh environments
-Have unique membrane lipids

Question 46

intracellular endosymbiosis

Answer 46

eukaryotes evolved by merging with bacteria to form

composite cells