Chapter 1 Flashcards
Inductive statements
Statements whose truth can be assessed by collecting and analyzing data.
Statistical reasoning
Inductive statements are analyzed using statistical reasoning.
Pygmalion effect
People act in accordance with others’ expectations.
Placebo
In a drug study, a substance that looks like the drug being tested but actually has no effect.
Blind
Not knowing which subjects are assigned to experimental condition.
Population
All the members of the group under consideration.
Sample
Some subset of the group under consideration.
Statistic
Any measurement on a sample.
Parameter
Any measured (or assumed) characteristic of a population.
Random
Unpredictable given our current knowledge.
Probability of an event
The number of outcomes favourable to that event divided by the total number of possible outcomes.
Conditional probability
The probability of an event given that another event has occurred.
Research design
The science of collecting data, making observations about the real world, considering how many observations to make and under what conditions to make them.
What do you conventionally call events with probability .05?
Unusual.
What does .05 probability indicate?
On average 5 successes out of 100 chances
What two probabilities are the most widely mentioned values in statistics?
.05 and .95
What is the probability of unusual events?
Probability close to 0.
What is the probability of very likely events?
Probability close to 1.
The probability of an event that cannot occur is…
0.
The probability of an event that must occur is…
1.
