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BIO235 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

The science of body structures and the relationships between them

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2
Q

Physiology

A

The science of body functions - how the body parts work

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3
Q

Embryology

A

Branch of anatomy that studies the first 8 weeks of development after fertilization

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4
Q

Developmental Biology

A

Branch of anatomy that studies the complete development of an individual from fertilization to death

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5
Q

Cell Biology

A

Branch of anatomy that studies cellular structure and function

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6
Q

Histology

A

Branch of anatomy that studies the microscopic structure of tissue

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7
Q

Gross Anatomy

A

Branch of anatomy that studies structures that can be examined without a microscope

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8
Q

Systemic Anatomy

A

Branch of anatomy that studies structures of specific systems in the body

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9
Q

Regional Anatomy

A

Branch of anatomy that studies specific regions of the body

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10
Q

Surface Anatomy

A

Branch of anatomy that studies surface markings on the body to understand internal anatomy through visualization

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11
Q

Imaging Anatomy

A

Branch of anatomy that studies structures that can be visualized with imaging techniques

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12
Q

Pathological Anatomy

A

Branch of anatomy that studies structural changes associated with disease

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13
Q

Neurophysiology

A

Branch of physiology that studies the functional properties of nerve cells

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14
Q

Endocrinology

A

Branch of physiology that studies hormones and how they control body functions

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15
Q

Cardiovascular Physiology

A

Branch of physiology that studies the functions of the heart and blood vessels

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16
Q

Immunology

A

Branch of physiology that studies the body’s defenses against disease-causing agents

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17
Q

Respiratory Physiology

A

Branch of physiology that studies the function of air passageways and lungs

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18
Q

Renal Physiology

A

Branch of physiology that studies the function of the kidneys

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19
Q

Exercise Physiology

A

Branch of physiology that studies changes in cell and organ function due to muscular activity

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20
Q

Pathophysiology

A

Branch of physiology that studies functional changes associated with disease and ageing

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21
Q

What are the 6 levels of structural organization

A

CCTOSO: chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organismal

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22
Q

Chemical level

A

The very basic structural level contains atoms, smallest unit of matter that can participate in chemical reactions and molecules, two or more atoms joined together.

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23
Q

Cellular level

A

Molecules combine to form cells, the basic structural and functional units of an organism composed of chemicals

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24
Q

Tissue level

A

Groups of cells and the materials that surround them that work together to perform a specific function

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25
Q

How many types of tissue is there

A

4: epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

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26
Q

Atom

A

The smallest unit of matter that can participate in chemical reactions

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27
Q

Molecule

A

Two or more atoms joined together

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28
Q

Cell

A

The basic structural and functional unit of an organism composed of chemicals

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29
Q

Organ level

A

Different types of tissue joined together

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30
Q

Organ

A

Structure composed of 2 or more types of tissue with a specific function and recognizable shape

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31
Q

System level

A

Group of related organs with a common function

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32
Q

Organismal level

A

All parts of the human body functioning together

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33
Q

What are the 11 systems of the human body

A

CURLERS MIND: cardiovascular, urinary, respiratory, lymphatic, endocrine, reproductive, skeletal, muscular, integumentary, nervous, digestive

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34
Q

Integumentary system (components and functions)

A

Components: skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, oil glands

Functions: protects the body, regulates temperature, eliminates waste, helps make vitamin D, detects sensations, stores fat, provides insulation

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35
Q

Skeletal system (components and functions)

A

Components: bones, joints, cartilage

Functions: supports and protects the body, provides surface area for muscles to attach, aids in movement, houses cells that produce blood cells, stores minerals and lipids (fats)

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36
Q

Muscular system (components and functions)

A

Components: skeletal muscle tissue (muscle usually attached to bone)

Functions: participates in body movement, maintains posture, produces heat

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37
Q

Nervous system (components and functions)

A

Components: brain, spinal cord, nerves, eyes, ears

Functions: generates nerve impulses to regulate body activities, detects changes to the body’s internal and external environments, interprets changes and responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions

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38
Q

Endocrine system (components and functions)

A

Components: hormone-producing glands: pineal gland, thyroid, pituitary gland, thymus, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries, testes

Functions: regulates body activities by releasing hormones (chemical messengers transported in the blood from endocrine organ or tissue to target organ

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39
Q

Cardiovascular system (components and functions)

A

Components: blood, heart, blood vessels

Functions: heart pumps blood through blood vessels which carry nutrients and oxygen to cells a carries carbon dioxide and waste away, helps regulate acid-base balance, temperature, and water content of body fluids, helps defend against disease and repair damaged blood cells

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40
Q

Lymphatic system (components and functions)

A

Components: lymphatic fluid and vessels, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils, cells that carry out immune responses (B and T cells)

Functions: returns proteins and fluid to blood, carries lipids from GI tract to blood, houses and proliferates B and T cells that protect against disease-causing agents

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41
Q

Respiratory system (components and functions)

A

Components: lungs, pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), bronchial tubes

Functions: transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air, helps regulate acid-base balance of body fluids, produces sound

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42
Q

Digestive system (components and functions)

A

Components: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, anus, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

Functions: achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food, absorbs nutrients, eliminates solid wastes

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43
Q

Urinary system (components and functions)

A

Components: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

Functions: produces, stores, and eliminates urine, eliminates wastes and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood, helps maintain the acid-base balance of the body, maintains the body’s mineral balance, helps regulates production of red blood cells

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44
Q

Reproductive system (components and functions)

A

Components: gonads (testes/ovaries), females: uterine tubes, vagina, mammary glands, males: epididymus, ductus, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, penis

Functions: gonads produce gametes that unite to form a new organism, gonads release hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes

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45
Q

Ausculation

A

Listening to the body sounds to evaluate the functioning of certain organs

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46
Q

Percussion

A

Tapping on the body surface and listening to the resulting sounds

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47
Q

What are the 6 basic life processes of the human body

A

MR. MGDR: metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, reproduction

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48
Q

Metabolism

A

The sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body

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49
Q

Catabolism

A

The breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components

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50
Q

Anabolism

A

The build up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components

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51
Q

Responsiveness

A

The body’s ability to detect and respond to changes

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52
Q

Movement

A

Includes motion of the entire body, individual organs, cells, and even tiny structures within cells

53
Q

Growth

A

An increase in body size caused by an increase in the size of the existing cells, and increase in the number of cells, or both

54
Q

Differentiation

A

The development of a cell from a unspecialized to a specialized state

55
Q

Stem cell

A

Precursor cells that have the ability to divide an indefinite number of times to give rise to a specialized cell

56
Q

Reproduction

A

The formation of new cells for growth, repair, or replacement or the production of a new individual

57
Q

Autopsy

A

The examination of a body after death to confirm or determine cause of death

58
Q

Homeostasis

A

Condition of equilibrium, balance in the body’s internal environment due to constant interactions of the body’s many regulatory processes

59
Q

Body fluids

A

Dilute, watery solutions containing chemicals found inside cells and surrounding them

60
Q

Intracellular fluid ICF

A

Body fluid found within the cells

61
Q

Extracellular fluid ECF

A

Body fluid found outside the cells

62
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

ECF that fills the space between cells of tissue, also known as the internal environment

63
Q

Blood plasma

A

ECF found within blood vessels

64
Q

Lymph

A

ECF found within lymphatic vessels

65
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

ECF in and around the brain and spinal cord

66
Q

Synovial fluid

A

ECF found in and around the joints

67
Q

Aqueous humor

A

ECF that fills the eye cavity

68
Q

Vitreous body

A

ECF that fills the chamber of the eyeball

69
Q

Name 2 responses to stimulus

A
  1. Nerve impulses: the nervous system sends impulses to organs to react to stimulus
  2. Hormones: the endocrine system secretes hormones (messenger molecules) to regulate change
70
Q

Feedback loop

A

A cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored and reevaluated, etc

71
Q

Receptor

A

A body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control centre

72
Q

Control centre

A

Sets the range of values wherein a controlled condition should be maintained. Evaluates the input received by the receptor and generates output commands when needed

73
Q

Afferent pathway

A

Flows towards the control centre

74
Q

Efferent pathway

A

Flows away from the control centre

75
Q

Effector

A

A body structure that receives output from the control centre and produces a response that changes the controlled condition

76
Q

Negative feedback loop

A

Negates or reverses a change in a controlled system

77
Q

Positive feedback loop

A

Strengthens or reinforces a change in a controlled condition. Will continue until it is interrupted by some mechanism to end the response.

78
Q

Disorder

A

Abnormality of structure or function

79
Q

Disease

A

Specific term for an illness characterized by recognizable signs and symptoms

80
Q

Symptom

A

Subjective changes in the body not apparent to an observer

81
Q

Signs

A

Objective changes that be observed and measured by a clinician

82
Q

Diagnosis

A

Determining the nature of a disease, distinguishing one disease from another

83
Q

Anatomical position

A

Standard position of the body universally used in anatomical descriptions

84
Q

Prone

A

Lying face down

85
Q

Supine

A

Lying face up

86
Q

Cephalic region

A

The region of the head

87
Q

Cervical region

A

The region of the neck

88
Q

Trunk

A

Region that includes the chest and abdomen, where the upper limbs and lower limbs attach

89
Q

Upper limbs

A

Includes shoulder, armpit, arm, forearm, wrist, hand

90
Q

Lower limbs

A

Includes buttock, thigh, leg, ankle, foot

91
Q

Sagittal plane

A

Divides the body into right and left portions

92
Q

Midsagittal plane

A

Divides the body into equal right and left portions along the midline. Also called the median place

93
Q

Parasagittal plane

A

Divides the body into unequal right and left portions

94
Q

Frontal plane/Coronal plane

A

Divides the body into anterior/posterior sections

95
Q

Transverse plane/Cross-sectional horizontal plane

A

Divides the body into superior/inferior portions

96
Q

Oblique plane

A

A plane that crossed through the body at any other angle

97
Q

Superior

A

Towards the head

98
Q

Inferior

A

Away from the head

99
Q

Anterior

A

Nearer to the front of the body

100
Q

Posterior

A

Nearer to the back of the body

101
Q

Medial

A

Nearer to the midline of the body

102
Q

Lateral

A

Further from the midline of the body

103
Q

Ipsilateral

A

On the same side of the body

104
Q

Contralateral

A

On the opposite side of the body

105
Q

Proximal

A

Nearer to the point where the limbs join at the trunk

106
Q

Distal

A

Further from the point where the limbs join at the trunk

107
Q

Superficial

A

Towards or on the surface of the body

108
Q

Deep

A

Away from the surface of the body

109
Q

Body cavities

A

Spaces that enclose internal organs

110
Q

Cranial cavity

A

Formed by the cranial bones, contains the brain

111
Q

Vertebral canal

A

Formed by the vertebral column and contains the spinal cord

112
Q

Thoracic cavity

A

Chest cavity composed of 3 parts: pleural cavity, pericardial cavity, and the mediastinum

113
Q

Pleural cavity

A

Space between the pleura layers that surrounds the lungs

114
Q

Pericardial cavity

A

Space between the layers of pericardium that surround the heart

115
Q

Mediastinum

A

Space between the lungs that extends from the sternum to the vertebral column

116
Q

Diaphragm

A

Dome shaped muscle that partitions the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity

117
Q

Abdominopelvic cavity

A

Extends from the diaphragm to the groin and is divided into two sections: the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity

118
Q

Abdominal cavity

A

Superior section of the abdominopelvic cavity that contains the stomach, spleen, liver, gall bladder, small and most of the large intestine

119
Q

Pelvic cavity

A

Inferior section of the abdominopelvic cavity that contains the urinary bladder, portions of the large intestine, and the reproductive organs

120
Q

Viscera

A

Organs of the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

121
Q

Radiography

A

X-ray produces a 2 dimensional radiograph. Quick and cheap. Does not easily pass through dense structures. Useful for examining soft tissue and bone density

122
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A

Uses a high energy magnetic field. Uses radio waves to read field. Creates a blueprint of cellular chemistry. Best for differentiating between normal and abnormal soft tissue

123
Q

Computed Tomography (CT)

A

An x-ray traces an arc at multiple angles. Visualizes soft tissue in greater detail.

124
Q

Ultrasound

A

Uses high frequency sound waves to reflect off body tissues.

125
Q

Dissection

A

The careful cutting apart of body parts to study their relationships

126
Q

Controlled condition

A

A monitored variable in the body

127
Q

Stimulus

A

Any condition that changes a controlled condition

128
Q

Positron Emission Tomography

A

Used to study physiology of body structures such as heart or brain

BIO235 (4 decks)

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