Chapter 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Anatomy
A
The science of body structures and the relationships between them
2
Q
Physiology
A
The science of body functions - how the body parts work
3
Q
Embryology
A
Branch of anatomy that studies the first 8 weeks of development after fertilization
4
Q
Developmental Biology
A
Branch of anatomy that studies the complete development of an individual from fertilization to death
5
Q
Cell Biology
A
Branch of anatomy that studies cellular structure and function
6
Q
Histology
A
Branch of anatomy that studies the microscopic structure of tissue
7
Q
Gross Anatomy
A
Branch of anatomy that studies structures that can be examined without a microscope
8
Q
Systemic Anatomy
A
Branch of anatomy that studies structures of specific systems in the body
9
Q
Regional Anatomy
A
Branch of anatomy that studies specific regions of the body
10
Q
Surface Anatomy
A
Branch of anatomy that studies surface markings on the body to understand internal anatomy through visualization
11
Q
Imaging Anatomy
A
Branch of anatomy that studies structures that can be visualized with imaging techniques
12
Q
Pathological Anatomy
A
Branch of anatomy that studies structural changes associated with disease
13
Q
Neurophysiology
A
Branch of physiology that studies the functional properties of nerve cells
14
Q
Endocrinology
A
Branch of physiology that studies hormones and how they control body functions
15
Q
Cardiovascular Physiology
A
Branch of physiology that studies the functions of the heart and blood vessels
16
Q
Immunology
A
Branch of physiology that studies the body’s defenses against disease-causing agents
17
Q
Respiratory Physiology
A
Branch of physiology that studies the function of air passageways and lungs
18
Q
Renal Physiology
A
Branch of physiology that studies the function of the kidneys
19
Q
Exercise Physiology
A
Branch of physiology that studies changes in cell and organ function due to muscular activity
20
Q
Pathophysiology
A
Branch of physiology that studies functional changes associated with disease and ageing
21
Q
What are the 6 levels of structural organization
A
CCTOSO: chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organismal
22
Q
Chemical level
A
The very basic structural level contains atoms, smallest unit of matter that can participate in chemical reactions and molecules, two or more atoms joined together.
23
Q
Cellular level
A
Molecules combine to form cells, the basic structural and functional units of an organism composed of chemicals
24
Q
Tissue level
A
Groups of cells and the materials that surround them that work together to perform a specific function
25
How many types of tissue is there
4: epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
26
Atom
The smallest unit of matter that can participate in chemical reactions
27
Molecule
Two or more atoms joined together
28
Cell
The basic structural and functional unit of an organism composed of chemicals
29
Organ level
Different types of tissue joined together
30
Organ
Structure composed of 2 or more types of tissue with a specific function and recognizable shape
31
System level
Group of related organs with a common function
32
Organismal level
All parts of the human body functioning together
33
What are the 11 systems of the human body
CURLERS MIND: cardiovascular, urinary, respiratory, lymphatic, endocrine, reproductive, skeletal, muscular, integumentary, nervous, digestive
34
Integumentary system (components and functions)
Components: skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, oil glands
Functions: protects the body, regulates temperature, eliminates waste, helps make vitamin D, detects sensations, stores fat, provides insulation
35
Skeletal system (components and functions)
Components: bones, joints, cartilage
Functions: supports and protects the body, provides surface area for muscles to attach, aids in movement, houses cells that produce blood cells, stores minerals and lipids (fats)
36
Muscular system (components and functions)
Components: skeletal muscle tissue (muscle usually attached to bone)
Functions: participates in body movement, maintains posture, produces heat
37
Nervous system (components and functions)
Components: brain, spinal cord, nerves, eyes, ears
Functions: generates nerve impulses to regulate body activities, detects changes to the body's internal and external environments, interprets changes and responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions
38
Endocrine system (components and functions)
Components: hormone-producing glands: pineal gland, thyroid, pituitary gland, thymus, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries, testes
Functions: regulates body activities by releasing hormones (chemical messengers transported in the blood from endocrine organ or tissue to target organ
39
Cardiovascular system (components and functions)
Components: blood, heart, blood vessels
Functions: heart pumps blood through blood vessels which carry nutrients and oxygen to cells a carries carbon dioxide and waste away, helps regulate acid-base balance, temperature, and water content of body fluids, helps defend against disease and repair damaged blood cells
40
Lymphatic system (components and functions)
Components: lymphatic fluid and vessels, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils, cells that carry out immune responses (B and T cells)
Functions: returns proteins and fluid to blood, carries lipids from GI tract to blood, houses and proliferates B and T cells that protect against disease-causing agents
41
Respiratory system (components and functions)
Components: lungs, pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), bronchial tubes
Functions: transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air, helps regulate acid-base balance of body fluids, produces sound
42
Digestive system (components and functions)
Components: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, anus, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
Functions: achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food, absorbs nutrients, eliminates solid wastes
43
Urinary system (components and functions)
Components: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
Functions: produces, stores, and eliminates urine, eliminates wastes and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood, helps maintain the acid-base balance of the body, maintains the body's mineral balance, helps regulates production of red blood cells
44
Reproductive system (components and functions)
Components: gonads (testes/ovaries), females: uterine tubes, vagina, mammary glands, males: epididymus, ductus, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, penis
Functions: gonads produce gametes that unite to form a new organism, gonads release hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes
45
Ausculation
Listening to the body sounds to evaluate the functioning of certain organs
46
Percussion
Tapping on the body surface and listening to the resulting sounds
47
What are the 6 basic life processes of the human body
MR. MGDR: metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, reproduction
48
Metabolism
The sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body
49
Catabolism
The breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components
50
Anabolism
The build up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components
51
Responsiveness
The body's ability to detect and respond to changes
52
Movement
Includes motion of the entire body, individual organs, cells, and even tiny structures within cells
53
Growth
An increase in body size caused by an increase in the size of the existing cells, and increase in the number of cells, or both
54
Differentiation
The development of a cell from a unspecialized to a specialized state
55
Stem cell
Precursor cells that have the ability to divide an indefinite number of times to give rise to a specialized cell
56
Reproduction
The formation of new cells for growth, repair, or replacement or the production of a new individual
57
Autopsy
The examination of a body after death to confirm or determine cause of death
58
Homeostasis
Condition of equilibrium, balance in the body's internal environment due to constant interactions of the body's many regulatory processes
59
Body fluids
Dilute, watery solutions containing chemicals found inside cells and surrounding them
60
Intracellular fluid ICF
Body fluid found within the cells
61
Extracellular fluid ECF
Body fluid found outside the cells
62
Interstitial fluid
ECF that fills the space between cells of tissue, also known as the internal environment
63
Blood plasma
ECF found within blood vessels
64
Lymph
ECF found within lymphatic vessels
65
Cerebrospinal fluid
ECF in and around the brain and spinal cord
66
Synovial fluid
ECF found in and around the joints
67
Aqueous humor
ECF that fills the eye cavity
68
Vitreous body
ECF that fills the chamber of the eyeball
69
Name 2 responses to stimulus
1. Nerve impulses: the nervous system sends impulses to organs to react to stimulus
2. Hormones: the endocrine system secretes hormones (messenger molecules) to regulate change
70
Feedback loop
A cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored and reevaluated, etc
71
Receptor
A body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control centre
72
Control centre
Sets the range of values wherein a controlled condition should be maintained. Evaluates the input received by the receptor and generates output commands when needed
73
Afferent pathway
Flows towards the control centre
74
Efferent pathway
Flows away from the control centre
75
Effector
A body structure that receives output from the control centre and produces a response that changes the controlled condition
76
Negative feedback loop
Negates or reverses a change in a controlled system
77
Positive feedback loop
Strengthens or reinforces a change in a controlled condition. Will continue until it is interrupted by some mechanism to end the response.
78
Disorder
Abnormality of structure or function
79
Disease
Specific term for an illness characterized by recognizable signs and symptoms
80
Symptom
Subjective changes in the body not apparent to an observer
81
Signs
Objective changes that be observed and measured by a clinician
82
Diagnosis
Determining the nature of a disease, distinguishing one disease from another
83
Anatomical position
Standard position of the body universally used in anatomical descriptions
84
Prone
Lying face down
85
Supine
Lying face up
86
Cephalic region
The region of the head
87
Cervical region
The region of the neck
88
Trunk
Region that includes the chest and abdomen, where the upper limbs and lower limbs attach
89
Upper limbs
Includes shoulder, armpit, arm, forearm, wrist, hand
90
Lower limbs
Includes buttock, thigh, leg, ankle, foot
91
Sagittal plane
Divides the body into right and left portions
92
Midsagittal plane
Divides the body into equal right and left portions along the midline. Also called the median place
93
Parasagittal plane
Divides the body into unequal right and left portions
94
Frontal plane/Coronal plane
Divides the body into anterior/posterior sections
95
Transverse plane/Cross-sectional horizontal plane
Divides the body into superior/inferior portions
96
Oblique plane
A plane that crossed through the body at any other angle
97
Superior
Towards the head
98
Inferior
Away from the head
99
Anterior
Nearer to the front of the body
100
Posterior
Nearer to the back of the body
101
Medial
Nearer to the midline of the body
102
Lateral
Further from the midline of the body
103
Ipsilateral
On the same side of the body
104
Contralateral
On the opposite side of the body
105
Proximal
Nearer to the point where the limbs join at the trunk
106
Distal
Further from the point where the limbs join at the trunk
107
Superficial
Towards or on the surface of the body
108
Deep
Away from the surface of the body
109
Body cavities
Spaces that enclose internal organs
110
Cranial cavity
Formed by the cranial bones, contains the brain
111
Vertebral canal
Formed by the vertebral column and contains the spinal cord
112
Thoracic cavity
Chest cavity composed of 3 parts: pleural cavity, pericardial cavity, and the mediastinum
113
Pleural cavity
Space between the pleura layers that surrounds the lungs
114
Pericardial cavity
Space between the layers of pericardium that surround the heart
115
Mediastinum
Space between the lungs that extends from the sternum to the vertebral column
116
Diaphragm
Dome shaped muscle that partitions the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity
117
Abdominopelvic cavity
Extends from the diaphragm to the groin and is divided into two sections: the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity
118
Abdominal cavity
Superior section of the abdominopelvic cavity that contains the stomach, spleen, liver, gall bladder, small and most of the large intestine
119
Pelvic cavity
Inferior section of the abdominopelvic cavity that contains the urinary bladder, portions of the large intestine, and the reproductive organs
120
Viscera
Organs of the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
121
Radiography
X-ray produces a 2 dimensional radiograph. Quick and cheap. Does not easily pass through dense structures. Useful for examining soft tissue and bone density
122
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Uses a high energy magnetic field. Uses radio waves to read field. Creates a blueprint of cellular chemistry. Best for differentiating between normal and abnormal soft tissue
123
Computed Tomography (CT)
An x-ray traces an arc at multiple angles. Visualizes soft tissue in greater detail.
124
Ultrasound
Uses high frequency sound waves to reflect off body tissues.
125
Dissection
The careful cutting apart of body parts to study their relationships
126
Controlled condition
A monitored variable in the body
127
Stimulus
Any condition that changes a controlled condition
128
Positron Emission Tomography
Used to study physiology of body structures such as heart or brain
