Chapter 1 Flashcards
Anatomy
The science of body structures and the relationships between them
Physiology
The science of body functions - how the body parts work
Embryology
Branch of anatomy that studies the first 8 weeks of development after fertilization
Developmental Biology
Branch of anatomy that studies the complete development of an individual from fertilization to death
Cell Biology
Branch of anatomy that studies cellular structure and function
Histology
Branch of anatomy that studies the microscopic structure of tissue
Gross Anatomy
Branch of anatomy that studies structures that can be examined without a microscope
Systemic Anatomy
Branch of anatomy that studies structures of specific systems in the body
Regional Anatomy
Branch of anatomy that studies specific regions of the body
Surface Anatomy
Branch of anatomy that studies surface markings on the body to understand internal anatomy through visualization
Imaging Anatomy
Branch of anatomy that studies structures that can be visualized with imaging techniques
Pathological Anatomy
Branch of anatomy that studies structural changes associated with disease
Neurophysiology
Branch of physiology that studies the functional properties of nerve cells
Endocrinology
Branch of physiology that studies hormones and how they control body functions
Cardiovascular Physiology
Branch of physiology that studies the functions of the heart and blood vessels
Immunology
Branch of physiology that studies the body’s defenses against disease-causing agents
Respiratory Physiology
Branch of physiology that studies the function of air passageways and lungs
Renal Physiology
Branch of physiology that studies the function of the kidneys
Exercise Physiology
Branch of physiology that studies changes in cell and organ function due to muscular activity
Pathophysiology
Branch of physiology that studies functional changes associated with disease and ageing
What are the 6 levels of structural organization
CCTOSO: chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organismal
Chemical level
The very basic structural level contains atoms, smallest unit of matter that can participate in chemical reactions and molecules, two or more atoms joined together.
Cellular level
Molecules combine to form cells, the basic structural and functional units of an organism composed of chemicals
Tissue level
Groups of cells and the materials that surround them that work together to perform a specific function
How many types of tissue is there
4: epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
Atom
The smallest unit of matter that can participate in chemical reactions
Molecule
Two or more atoms joined together
Cell
The basic structural and functional unit of an organism composed of chemicals
Organ level
Different types of tissue joined together
Organ
Structure composed of 2 or more types of tissue with a specific function and recognizable shape
System level
Group of related organs with a common function
Organismal level
All parts of the human body functioning together
What are the 11 systems of the human body
CURLERS MIND: cardiovascular, urinary, respiratory, lymphatic, endocrine, reproductive, skeletal, muscular, integumentary, nervous, digestive
Integumentary system (components and functions)
Components: skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, oil glands
Functions: protects the body, regulates temperature, eliminates waste, helps make vitamin D, detects sensations, stores fat, provides insulation
Skeletal system (components and functions)
Components: bones, joints, cartilage
Functions: supports and protects the body, provides surface area for muscles to attach, aids in movement, houses cells that produce blood cells, stores minerals and lipids (fats)
Muscular system (components and functions)
Components: skeletal muscle tissue (muscle usually attached to bone)
Functions: participates in body movement, maintains posture, produces heat
Nervous system (components and functions)
Components: brain, spinal cord, nerves, eyes, ears
Functions: generates nerve impulses to regulate body activities, detects changes to the body’s internal and external environments, interprets changes and responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions
Endocrine system (components and functions)
Components: hormone-producing glands: pineal gland, thyroid, pituitary gland, thymus, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries, testes
Functions: regulates body activities by releasing hormones (chemical messengers transported in the blood from endocrine organ or tissue to target organ
Cardiovascular system (components and functions)
Components: blood, heart, blood vessels
Functions: heart pumps blood through blood vessels which carry nutrients and oxygen to cells a carries carbon dioxide and waste away, helps regulate acid-base balance, temperature, and water content of body fluids, helps defend against disease and repair damaged blood cells
Lymphatic system (components and functions)
Components: lymphatic fluid and vessels, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils, cells that carry out immune responses (B and T cells)
Functions: returns proteins and fluid to blood, carries lipids from GI tract to blood, houses and proliferates B and T cells that protect against disease-causing agents
Respiratory system (components and functions)
Components: lungs, pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), bronchial tubes
Functions: transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air, helps regulate acid-base balance of body fluids, produces sound
Digestive system (components and functions)
Components: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, anus, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
Functions: achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food, absorbs nutrients, eliminates solid wastes
Urinary system (components and functions)
Components: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
Functions: produces, stores, and eliminates urine, eliminates wastes and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood, helps maintain the acid-base balance of the body, maintains the body’s mineral balance, helps regulates production of red blood cells
Reproductive system (components and functions)
Components: gonads (testes/ovaries), females: uterine tubes, vagina, mammary glands, males: epididymus, ductus, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, penis
Functions: gonads produce gametes that unite to form a new organism, gonads release hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes
Ausculation
Listening to the body sounds to evaluate the functioning of certain organs
Percussion
Tapping on the body surface and listening to the resulting sounds
What are the 6 basic life processes of the human body
MR. MGDR: metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, reproduction
Metabolism
The sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body
Catabolism
The breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components
Anabolism
The build up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components
Responsiveness
The body’s ability to detect and respond to changes
Movement
Includes motion of the entire body, individual organs, cells, and even tiny structures within cells
Growth
An increase in body size caused by an increase in the size of the existing cells, and increase in the number of cells, or both
Differentiation
The development of a cell from a unspecialized to a specialized state
Stem cell
Precursor cells that have the ability to divide an indefinite number of times to give rise to a specialized cell
Reproduction
The formation of new cells for growth, repair, or replacement or the production of a new individual
Autopsy
The examination of a body after death to confirm or determine cause of death
Homeostasis
Condition of equilibrium, balance in the body’s internal environment due to constant interactions of the body’s many regulatory processes
Body fluids
Dilute, watery solutions containing chemicals found inside cells and surrounding them
Intracellular fluid ICF
Body fluid found within the cells
Extracellular fluid ECF
Body fluid found outside the cells
Interstitial fluid
ECF that fills the space between cells of tissue, also known as the internal environment
Blood plasma
ECF found within blood vessels
Lymph
ECF found within lymphatic vessels
Cerebrospinal fluid
ECF in and around the brain and spinal cord
Synovial fluid
ECF found in and around the joints
Aqueous humor
ECF that fills the eye cavity
Vitreous body
ECF that fills the chamber of the eyeball
Name 2 responses to stimulus
- Nerve impulses: the nervous system sends impulses to organs to react to stimulus
- Hormones: the endocrine system secretes hormones (messenger molecules) to regulate change
Feedback loop
A cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored and reevaluated, etc
Receptor
A body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control centre
Control centre
Sets the range of values wherein a controlled condition should be maintained. Evaluates the input received by the receptor and generates output commands when needed
Afferent pathway
Flows towards the control centre
Efferent pathway
Flows away from the control centre
Effector
A body structure that receives output from the control centre and produces a response that changes the controlled condition
Negative feedback loop
Negates or reverses a change in a controlled system
Positive feedback loop
Strengthens or reinforces a change in a controlled condition. Will continue until it is interrupted by some mechanism to end the response.
Disorder
Abnormality of structure or function
Disease
Specific term for an illness characterized by recognizable signs and symptoms
Symptom
Subjective changes in the body not apparent to an observer
Signs
Objective changes that be observed and measured by a clinician
Diagnosis
Determining the nature of a disease, distinguishing one disease from another
Anatomical position
Standard position of the body universally used in anatomical descriptions
Prone
Lying face down
Supine
Lying face up
Cephalic region
The region of the head
Cervical region
The region of the neck
Trunk
Region that includes the chest and abdomen, where the upper limbs and lower limbs attach
Upper limbs
Includes shoulder, armpit, arm, forearm, wrist, hand
Lower limbs
Includes buttock, thigh, leg, ankle, foot
Sagittal plane
Divides the body into right and left portions
Midsagittal plane
Divides the body into equal right and left portions along the midline. Also called the median place
Parasagittal plane
Divides the body into unequal right and left portions
Frontal plane/Coronal plane
Divides the body into anterior/posterior sections
Transverse plane/Cross-sectional horizontal plane
Divides the body into superior/inferior portions
Oblique plane
A plane that crossed through the body at any other angle
Superior
Towards the head
Inferior
Away from the head
Anterior
Nearer to the front of the body
Posterior
Nearer to the back of the body
Medial
Nearer to the midline of the body
Lateral
Further from the midline of the body
Ipsilateral
On the same side of the body
Contralateral
On the opposite side of the body
Proximal
Nearer to the point where the limbs join at the trunk
Distal
Further from the point where the limbs join at the trunk
Superficial
Towards or on the surface of the body
Deep
Away from the surface of the body
Body cavities
Spaces that enclose internal organs
Cranial cavity
Formed by the cranial bones, contains the brain
Vertebral canal
Formed by the vertebral column and contains the spinal cord
Thoracic cavity
Chest cavity composed of 3 parts: pleural cavity, pericardial cavity, and the mediastinum
Pleural cavity
Space between the pleura layers that surrounds the lungs
Pericardial cavity
Space between the layers of pericardium that surround the heart
Mediastinum
Space between the lungs that extends from the sternum to the vertebral column
Diaphragm
Dome shaped muscle that partitions the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity
Extends from the diaphragm to the groin and is divided into two sections: the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity
Abdominal cavity
Superior section of the abdominopelvic cavity that contains the stomach, spleen, liver, gall bladder, small and most of the large intestine
Pelvic cavity
Inferior section of the abdominopelvic cavity that contains the urinary bladder, portions of the large intestine, and the reproductive organs
Viscera
Organs of the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
Radiography
X-ray produces a 2 dimensional radiograph. Quick and cheap. Does not easily pass through dense structures. Useful for examining soft tissue and bone density
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Uses a high energy magnetic field. Uses radio waves to read field. Creates a blueprint of cellular chemistry. Best for differentiating between normal and abnormal soft tissue
Computed Tomography (CT)
An x-ray traces an arc at multiple angles. Visualizes soft tissue in greater detail.
Ultrasound
Uses high frequency sound waves to reflect off body tissues.
Dissection
The careful cutting apart of body parts to study their relationships
Controlled condition
A monitored variable in the body
Stimulus
Any condition that changes a controlled condition
Positron Emission Tomography
Used to study physiology of body structures such as heart or brain
