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chapter 1-5 Flashcards

1
Q

what is a theory

A

how we see the developing child

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2
Q

what is the biological theory?

A

looks at genotype (dna) and phenotype (intelligence, behavior). looks at difference between males and females. looks at behaviors that ensure survival of species

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3
Q

what did Jane Goodall focus on and what type of theorist is she?

A

looked at chimps, biological theorist

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4
Q

what did Darwin focus on and what type of theorust?

A

natural selection/ survival of the fittest. biological theorist

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5
Q

what percent of the world practices co-sleeping?

A

90% (US is only one that is a major outlier)

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6
Q

what is needed to achieve optimal development?

A

biological theory assumes that to get to this the baby mammal needs a mother or permanent mother substitute

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7
Q

invetrofertilization

A

egg is fertilized outside of the body which does not allow for natural selection

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8
Q

how many sperm are released in an ejaculation?

A

350 million

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9
Q

what did Harlow do and what type of theorist is he?

A

took monkeys from mom to test attachment (mom 1: rough with milk, mom 2: soft no milk.) baby went to soft mom because wanted comfort. biological theorist

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10
Q

what is attachment?

A

a theory combined of psychoanalytic and ethology. it is an innate primary drive (just as important as food and sleep) it does not change forma and lasts a life time and attachment person is role model

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11
Q

what did Bowlby focus on and what type of theorist is he?

A

he is an attachment theorist. who believed that mammals are cute for a reason. if things are cute we want to take care of them

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12
Q

culture overrides _____ in bowlbys theory? and give example.

A

instincts. we want to care for our baby and culture says put in a crib but we want to hold our baby but society says hell be too dependent if we do that

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13
Q

at what age is the primary attachment solidified?

A

4 to 5 years

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14
Q

what is ethology?

A

study of mammals in any and every way

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15
Q

what is the park experiment an example of?

A

2 groups of kids 5-6 year olds, 1 group bottle fed/crib slept/daycare kids, 2 group breastfed/co-sleeping/mom raised.The crib sleepers stayed by mom and didn’t want to go play because there is no trust that mom won’t leave. 98% of group 2 went and played because there was trust. ATTACHMENT

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16
Q

why are americans not a fan of the attachment theory?

A

time is the central component of attachment, where you spend the most time is where you feel most safe

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17
Q

who is responsible for the type of attachment between parents and child?

A

the adult

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18
Q

who is Freud and which theory is he responsible for and what is it?

A

psychoanalytic. psychosexual stages. needs must be met before moving up a stage. the early fixation can lead to being more pathological (bad/sick) behaviors

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19
Q

oral psychosexual stage

A

centered around the mouth, breastfeeding, last till 3rd-7th bday

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20
Q

anal psychosexual stage

A

bowel movements and urination, explosive- hoarders, retentive- ocd, males are in this stage longer than females

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21
Q

phallic psychosexual stage

A

3-6 years old, genital focussed, self exploration, could lead to sexual frigid or being highly promiscuous if fixated

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22
Q

what does “the child is the father of the man” mean?

A

what happens to us when we are young determines what we are like when we are older

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23
Q

what did Erikson believe and what type of theorist is he?

A

psychosocial, he added to freud. trust vs mistrust (we decide if the world is safe or not in first year of life)

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24
Q

what is the ID and which theory does it belong to?

A

erikson (psychosocial). it is the all about me, selfish, bride-less, urges

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25
what is the ego and which theory does it belong to?
erikson (psychsocial). phallic stage. rational component of self, find middle ground
26
what is the superego and which theory does it belong to?
erikson (psychosocial). phallic stage. conscious, "do not do that it isnt smart"
27
what is the oedipal complex?
when a child falls in love with a parent of the opposite sex
28
what is electra complex?
falling in love with father
29
what is behaviorism?
it was created to debunk psychoanalytic. "if it can not be measured it is not real". the environment motivated behavior. no personality based on consequences. positive and negative reinforcements
30
who are some of the founders of the behaviorist theory?
watson, bandura, pavlov, bandura
31
who is the theorist who believed nature vs nurture?
watson
32
who is the father of operant conditioning and what is it?
skinner, consequence of a response is determined by it being repeated. skinner did the bow with the animal in it
33
who is the father of classical conditioning and what is it?
pavlov, salivating dogs
34
who is the father of modeling?
bandura, the bobo doll. kids monitor and repeat actions they see on adults. social learning!!!
35
what did Piaget do and which theory does he belong to?
cognitive theory. problem solving, staged theorist, development precedes learning (be in the stage before you learn new things)
36
cognitive stage 1: sensorimotor
birth to 2 years, learning curves through senses, fine motor skills (pinch/grasp)
37
cognitive stage 2: pre-operational
3 to 7 years, language and being able to conserve (do not understand mass)
38
cognitive stage 3: concrete
7 to 12 years, you can feel it, see it , and touch it. can not think abstractly, just starting to learn empathy and sharing and learning rules of a game
39
cognitive stage 4: formal operational
12 to forever, start thinking abstractly and can plan for future and make actual plans for life
40
who is Vygotsky and which theory does he belong to?
cognitive. but he believed that learning precedes development (learn then enter stage)
41
what are the 2 types of learning according to Vygotsky?
rote: you know the info for a moment but not stuck in head authentic: actual learning and being able to apply it and explain it to others (occurs only in social relationships)
42
what percent of sped kids in america are males?
90%
43
what is the zone of proximal development?
the place where real learning occurs, you know youre there and when you can do it with just a little bit of prompting (ex: i like where youre at but tell me more)
44
what are the 2 main zones of ZPD?
way over the head and already known. when we are in either we do not learn or pay attention
45
who is bronfen brenner and which theory does he belong to?
ecological systems theory
46
what is the ecological systems theory?
interlocking circles. micro: family/ loved ones meso: school work exo: laws, policy macro: cultural belief chrono: historical time all are continually changing and being influenced, we have to think bigger and involve all circles
47
who is locke and which theory does he belong to?
he is father of behaviorism. children are born blank slate and we can mold them to how we want them
48
who is gissell and which theory does he belong to?
opposite of locke. all nature and maturation. humans need nurturing, shelter, love, socialization, we can not change people they are born that way
49
how do we want to prepare for conception?
we want the best environment for the baby, they respond to light, sound, and music in utero
50
what are toxins?
alcohol, drugs (any kind), vitamins, etc
51
why do americans use baby helmets?
we lay out babies in cribs and on the ground and at daycare while other countries strap their baby onto them so they dont need to reshape heads
52
what is a wet nurse?
in the renaissance, they would be hired by the wealthy to nurse their babies so they could make more
53
pros of consistent breastfeeding?
no period, no egg drop, burning calories, healthier for mom and baby, more antibodies for both, releases prolactin and oxytocin (happy)
54
what were childbirths like in the 1900s?
most baby born at home, no drugs introduced, around the time that births were medicalized
55
what percent of problems are predicted during prenatal care?
98%
56
what percent of US women do not get prenatal care because they can not afford it?
25%
57
what can prenatal ultrasounds do?
cause cell mutation (cancer) BAD
58
what is electrical fetal monitoring?
external: woman lay on back and we attach electrodes to tummy to see heart rate and such internal: electrodes on baby head to see vitals
59
what percent of babies are born at home?
75%
60
where is the lowest infant mortality rate in the world?
norway
61
what percent of babies are born at home with a midwife in norway?
92%
62
how much do c-sections cost?
cost around 20-50 thousand, very invasive and dangerous
63
how much does a vaginal birth cost?
2-6 thousand
64
what is pitocin?
a drug given to give mother constant contraction (dangerous, our bodies are not designed for this)
65
what are the three stages of labor?
contractions (can last days), baby in birth canal (shortest), birth the placenta
66
pregnancy facts
can only get pregnant when ovulation occurring, conception occurs in fallopian tubes, 14 days for egg to drop
67
how does birth control affect pregnancy?
does not allow zygote to plant, gives a very hostile environment
68
what is a teratogen?
environmental agent responsible for birth defects (alcohol/ any drugs)
69
what happens to the body when there is an increase in adrenaline?
the cervix freezes. birth must be done in a relaxed environment
70
what is an episiotomy?
a cut into the perineum (between vaginal opening and anus)
71
what percent of women in the US are drugged for their birth?
about 90-98%
72
what percent of women who get an epidural have longterm side effects?
25%. headaches, backspin fever, numbness in legs
73
what percent does getting an epidural increase the chance of a c-section?
80%
74
what percent of babies are born on their due date?
less than 1%
75
what does being breached mean?
when baby is upside down (we want head towards vaginal canal) can be turned by music, sound, light
76
what percent of babies were born vaginally before 1970?
90%
77
what did Hunts research show us?
around 3000 babies die a day on earth from not being breastfed
78
who is freed and what did he do?
a researcher who found tons of research on breastfeeding
79
who is grulee and what did he do?
he found that babies who drank formula were sicker and hospitalized more and died more
80
who is gallop and what did he do?
choosing not to breastfeed faults release of oxytocin and prolactin and activates a grief response in our bodies
81
what is the number 1 allergy?
dairy`
82
mammal milk is lacking which vitamin?
vitamin d...go outside
83
what is cholstrome?
the first milk to come out of mom and is very rich in nutrients and immunity and amazing for baby asap after birth
84
what are deciduous teeth?
20 baby teeth
85
what percent of formula is purchased by WIC (women infants and children, low income)
49%
86
who was furbur and what did he do?
best selling book (get baby to sleep through night), self soothing...very detrimental and traumatizing for baby
87
what is the typical baby born like?
smokey blue eyes, 19-21 inches, 7-8 pounds and sleeps around 16-17 hour
88
what is lanugo?
hair in weird random places on baby, can be any color
89
what are fontanels?
soft spots, babies born with 6 and they close around 18-24 months
90
what is a preemie baby?
any baby born before 37 weeks
91
what percent of formula is digestible?
60%
92
what percent of the world practices co-sleepimg?
80-90%
93
what is a primate?
biologically designed to sleep with mom and have 4 digits and a thumb (monkeys, gorillas, humans)
94
what is co-sleeping?
sleeping with mom where physical touch is possible by child
95
who is JJ mckenna?
lead expert in co-sleeping, realized that mom reminds baby to breath at night (prevent SIDS)
96
where is co-sleeping practiced for the longest period of time?
japan, 8-9 years of age
97
how long does it take to suffocate a baby?
4-6 minutes
98
what percent of SIDS deaths occur in a crib?
98.4%
99
what percent of males are circumsised worldwide?
15%
100
what percent of the soft penis is the foreskin?
25%

infant development (3 decks)

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