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infant development > chapter 1-5 > Flashcards

chapter 1-5 Flashcards

1
Q

what is a theory

A

how we see the developing child

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2
Q

what is the biological theory?

A

looks at genotype (dna) and phenotype (intelligence, behavior). looks at difference between males and females. looks at behaviors that ensure survival of species

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3
Q

what did Jane Goodall focus on and what type of theorist is she?

A

looked at chimps, biological theorist

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4
Q

what did Darwin focus on and what type of theorust?

A

natural selection/ survival of the fittest. biological theorist

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5
Q

what percent of the world practices co-sleeping?

A

90% (US is only one that is a major outlier)

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6
Q

what is needed to achieve optimal development?

A

biological theory assumes that to get to this the baby mammal needs a mother or permanent mother substitute

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7
Q

invetrofertilization

A

egg is fertilized outside of the body which does not allow for natural selection

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8
Q

how many sperm are released in an ejaculation?

A

350 million

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9
Q

what did Harlow do and what type of theorist is he?

A

took monkeys from mom to test attachment (mom 1: rough with milk, mom 2: soft no milk.) baby went to soft mom because wanted comfort. biological theorist

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10
Q

what is attachment?

A

a theory combined of psychoanalytic and ethology. it is an innate primary drive (just as important as food and sleep) it does not change forma and lasts a life time and attachment person is role model

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11
Q

what did Bowlby focus on and what type of theorist is he?

A

he is an attachment theorist. who believed that mammals are cute for a reason. if things are cute we want to take care of them

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12
Q

culture overrides _____ in bowlbys theory? and give example.

A

instincts. we want to care for our baby and culture says put in a crib but we want to hold our baby but society says hell be too dependent if we do that

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13
Q

at what age is the primary attachment solidified?

A

4 to 5 years

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14
Q

what is ethology?

A

study of mammals in any and every way

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15
Q

what is the park experiment an example of?

A

2 groups of kids 5-6 year olds, 1 group bottle fed/crib slept/daycare kids, 2 group breastfed/co-sleeping/mom raised.The crib sleepers stayed by mom and didn’t want to go play because there is no trust that mom won’t leave. 98% of group 2 went and played because there was trust. ATTACHMENT

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16
Q

why are americans not a fan of the attachment theory?

A

time is the central component of attachment, where you spend the most time is where you feel most safe

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17
Q

who is responsible for the type of attachment between parents and child?

A

the adult

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18
Q

who is Freud and which theory is he responsible for and what is it?

A

psychoanalytic. psychosexual stages. needs must be met before moving up a stage. the early fixation can lead to being more pathological (bad/sick) behaviors

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19
Q

oral psychosexual stage

A

centered around the mouth, breastfeeding, last till 3rd-7th bday

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20
Q

anal psychosexual stage

A

bowel movements and urination, explosive- hoarders, retentive- ocd, males are in this stage longer than females

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21
Q

phallic psychosexual stage

A

3-6 years old, genital focussed, self exploration, could lead to sexual frigid or being highly promiscuous if fixated

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22
Q

what does “the child is the father of the man” mean?

A

what happens to us when we are young determines what we are like when we are older

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23
Q

what did Erikson believe and what type of theorist is he?

A

psychosocial, he added to freud. trust vs mistrust (we decide if the world is safe or not in first year of life)

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24
Q

what is the ID and which theory does it belong to?

A

erikson (psychosocial). it is the all about me, selfish, bride-less, urges

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25
Q

what is the ego and which theory does it belong to?

A

erikson (psychsocial). phallic stage. rational component of self, find middle ground

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26
Q

what is the superego and which theory does it belong to?

A

erikson (psychosocial). phallic stage. conscious, “do not do that it isnt smart”

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27
Q

what is the oedipal complex?

A

when a child falls in love with a parent of the opposite sex

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28
Q

what is electra complex?

A

falling in love with father

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29
Q

what is behaviorism?

A

it was created to debunk psychoanalytic. “if it can not be measured it is not real”. the environment motivated behavior. no personality based on consequences. positive and negative reinforcements

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30
Q

who are some of the founders of the behaviorist theory?

A

watson, bandura, pavlov, bandura

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31
Q

who is the theorist who believed nature vs nurture?

A

watson

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32
Q

who is the father of operant conditioning and what is it?

A

skinner, consequence of a response is determined by it being repeated. skinner did the bow with the animal in it

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33
Q

who is the father of classical conditioning and what is it?

A

pavlov, salivating dogs

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34
Q

who is the father of modeling?

A

bandura, the bobo doll. kids monitor and repeat actions they see on adults. social learning!!!

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35
Q

what did Piaget do and which theory does he belong to?

A

cognitive theory. problem solving, staged theorist, development precedes learning (be in the stage before you learn new things)

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36
Q

cognitive stage 1: sensorimotor

A

birth to 2 years, learning curves through senses, fine motor skills (pinch/grasp)

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37
Q

cognitive stage 2: pre-operational

A

3 to 7 years, language and being able to conserve (do not understand mass)

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38
Q

cognitive stage 3: concrete

A

7 to 12 years, you can feel it, see it , and touch it. can not think abstractly, just starting to learn empathy and sharing and learning rules of a game

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39
Q

cognitive stage 4: formal operational

A

12 to forever, start thinking abstractly and can plan for future and make actual plans for life

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40
Q

who is Vygotsky and which theory does he belong to?

A

cognitive. but he believed that learning precedes development (learn then enter stage)

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41
Q

what are the 2 types of learning according to Vygotsky?

A

rote: you know the info for a moment but not stuck in head
authentic: actual learning and being able to apply it and explain it to others (occurs only in social relationships)

42
Q

what percent of sped kids in america are males?

A

90%

43
Q

what is the zone of proximal development?

A

the place where real learning occurs, you know youre there and when you can do it with just a little bit of prompting (ex: i like where youre at but tell me more)

44
Q

what are the 2 main zones of ZPD?

A

way over the head and already known. when we are in either we do not learn or pay attention

45
Q

who is bronfen brenner and which theory does he belong to?

A

ecological systems theory

46
Q

what is the ecological systems theory?

A

interlocking circles.

micro: family/ loved ones
meso: school work
exo: laws, policy
macro: cultural belief
chrono: historical time

all are continually changing and being influenced, we have to think bigger and involve all circles

47
Q

who is locke and which theory does he belong to?

A

he is father of behaviorism. children are born blank slate and we can mold them to how we want them

48
Q

who is gissell and which theory does he belong to?

A

opposite of locke. all nature and maturation. humans need nurturing, shelter, love, socialization, we can not change people they are born that way

49
Q

how do we want to prepare for conception?

A

we want the best environment for the baby, they respond to light, sound, and music in utero

50
Q

what are toxins?

A

alcohol, drugs (any kind), vitamins, etc

51
Q

why do americans use baby helmets?

A

we lay out babies in cribs and on the ground and at daycare while other countries strap their baby onto them so they dont need to reshape heads

52
Q

what is a wet nurse?

A

in the renaissance, they would be hired by the wealthy to nurse their babies so they could make more

53
Q

pros of consistent breastfeeding?

A

no period, no egg drop, burning calories, healthier for mom and baby, more antibodies for both, releases prolactin and oxytocin (happy)

54
Q

what were childbirths like in the 1900s?

A

most baby born at home, no drugs introduced, around the time that births were medicalized

55
Q

what percent of problems are predicted during prenatal care?

A

98%

56
Q

what percent of US women do not get prenatal care because they can not afford it?

A

25%

57
Q

what can prenatal ultrasounds do?

A

cause cell mutation (cancer) BAD

58
Q

what is electrical fetal monitoring?

A

external: woman lay on back and we attach electrodes to tummy to see heart rate and such
internal: electrodes on baby head to see vitals

59
Q

what percent of babies are born at home?

A

75%

60
Q

where is the lowest infant mortality rate in the world?

A

norway

61
Q

what percent of babies are born at home with a midwife in norway?

A

92%

62
Q

how much do c-sections cost?

A

cost around 20-50 thousand, very invasive and dangerous

63
Q

how much does a vaginal birth cost?

A

2-6 thousand

64
Q

what is pitocin?

A

a drug given to give mother constant contraction (dangerous, our bodies are not designed for this)

65
Q

what are the three stages of labor?

A

contractions (can last days), baby in birth canal (shortest), birth the placenta

66
Q

pregnancy facts

A

can only get pregnant when ovulation occurring, conception occurs in fallopian tubes, 14 days for egg to drop

67
Q

how does birth control affect pregnancy?

A

does not allow zygote to plant, gives a very hostile environment

68
Q

what is a teratogen?

A

environmental agent responsible for birth defects (alcohol/ any drugs)

69
Q

what happens to the body when there is an increase in adrenaline?

A

the cervix freezes. birth must be done in a relaxed environment

70
Q

what is an episiotomy?

A

a cut into the perineum (between vaginal opening and anus)

71
Q

what percent of women in the US are drugged for their birth?

A

about 90-98%

72
Q

what percent of women who get an epidural have longterm side effects?

A

25%. headaches, backspin fever, numbness in legs

73
Q

what percent does getting an epidural increase the chance of a c-section?

A

80%

74
Q

what percent of babies are born on their due date?

A

less than 1%

75
Q

what does being breached mean?

A

when baby is upside down (we want head towards vaginal canal) can be turned by music, sound, light

76
Q

what percent of babies were born vaginally before 1970?

A

90%

77
Q

what did Hunts research show us?

A

around 3000 babies die a day on earth from not being breastfed

78
Q

who is freed and what did he do?

A

a researcher who found tons of research on breastfeeding

79
Q

who is grulee and what did he do?

A

he found that babies who drank formula were sicker and hospitalized more and died more

80
Q

who is gallop and what did he do?

A

choosing not to breastfeed faults release of oxytocin and prolactin and activates a grief response in our bodies

81
Q

what is the number 1 allergy?

A

dairy`

82
Q

mammal milk is lacking which vitamin?

A

vitamin d…go outside

83
Q

what is cholstrome?

A

the first milk to come out of mom and is very rich in nutrients and immunity and amazing for baby asap after birth

84
Q

what are deciduous teeth?

A

20 baby teeth

85
Q

what percent of formula is purchased by WIC (women infants and children, low income)

A

49%

86
Q

who was furbur and what did he do?

A

best selling book (get baby to sleep through night), self soothing…very detrimental and traumatizing for baby

87
Q

what is the typical baby born like?

A

smokey blue eyes, 19-21 inches, 7-8 pounds and sleeps around 16-17 hour

88
Q

what is lanugo?

A

hair in weird random places on baby, can be any color

89
Q

what are fontanels?

A

soft spots, babies born with 6 and they close around 18-24 months

90
Q

what is a preemie baby?

A

any baby born before 37 weeks

91
Q

what percent of formula is digestible?

A

60%

92
Q

what percent of the world practices co-sleepimg?

A

80-90%

93
Q

what is a primate?

A

biologically designed to sleep with mom and have 4 digits and a thumb (monkeys, gorillas, humans)

94
Q

what is co-sleeping?

A

sleeping with mom where physical touch is possible by child

95
Q

who is JJ mckenna?

A

lead expert in co-sleeping, realized that mom reminds baby to breath at night (prevent SIDS)

96
Q

where is co-sleeping practiced for the longest period of time?

A

japan, 8-9 years of age

97
Q

how long does it take to suffocate a baby?

A

4-6 minutes

98
Q

what percent of SIDS deaths occur in a crib?

A

98.4%

99
Q

what percent of males are circumsised worldwide?

A

15%

100
Q

what percent of the soft penis is the foreskin?

A

25%

infant development (3 decks)

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