Chapter 1

Question 1

Axis I

Answer 1

Clinical disorders

e.g., schizophrenia, major depression, bipolar disorder

Question 2

Axis II

Answer 2

Personality or developmental disorders

e.g., paranoid and borderline personality disorders, mental retardation

Question 3

Axis III

Answer 3

General medical conditions that relate to axes I or II or have a bearing on treatment

(e.g., neoplasms, endocrine disorders)

Question 4

Axis IV

Answer 4

Severity of psychosocial stressors

e.g., divorce, housing, educational issues

Question 5

Axis V

Answer 5

Global assessment of functioning, on a scale of 0 to 100

e.g., a score of 30 means that the patient’s behavior is highly influenced by delusions and hallucinations

Question 6

Benchmark I

Answer 6

Enlightenment, ~1790s

Pinel (1745-1826):
Tuke (1732-1822):

Insane no longer treated as less than human

Human dignity upheld

Asylum movement developed

Question 7

Benchmark II

Answer 7

Scientific Study, ~1870s

Freud (1856-1939): Emphasized the importance of early life experiences

Kraepelin (1856-1926): Studied the brain

Bleuler (1857-1939): Was optimistic about treatment

Mental illness could be studied

Study of the mind and treatment approaches to psychiatric conditions flourished

Decade of the Brain can be traced back to Kraepelin’s thinking

Question 8

Benchmark III

Answer 8

Psychotropic drugs, ~1950s

1949: Lithium
1950: First antipsychotic
1952: Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
1957: Haloperidol
1958: Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)
1960: Benzodiazepines

If some mental disorders are caused by chemical imbalances then chemicals could restore the balance: people would no longer need to be confined

A destigmatization of mental illness occurred; parents and others not to blame; term least restrictive environment evolved from this discovery

Question 9

Benchmark IV

Answer 9

Community Mental Health, 1960s

Community Mental Health Centers Act (1963)

Individuals do not need to be hospitalized away from family and community; people have the right to be treated in their own community

Advantage: Intervention in familiar surroundings has helped many people, is less expensive

Disadvantage: Homelessness linked to deinstitutionalization; many people “slip through the cracks” of the system

Question 10

Benchmark V

Answer 10

Decade of the Brain, 1990s

Congressional mandate

If we can understand the brain, we can help millions of people suffering from mental disorders

An increase in funding for brain research, leading to new treatment strategies; has increased our understanding of mental disorders