Chapter 1 Flashcards
what is the definition of a language disorder?
impairment in comprehension and/or use of spoken, written and/or symbol system.
A language disorder may involve all of any combination of what 3 areas?
Form
Content
Function
How does ASHA define DLD?
"An impairment in comprehension an/or spoke, written and/or symbol system. It may involve: 1. form of language 2. content of language 3. function of language in any combination"
what is a naturalistic perspective?
when an impairment is characterized as a deviation from average abilities.
What is a normative perspective?
this is dependent on society values and expectations concerning behaviors.
Who felt that kids with poor language and understanding did not mean they had ID (intellectual disorders)?
Gall
What neurologists believed that brain and language behaviors are linked?
Broca
Wernicke
What neurologist is thought of as the father of modern practice of child language disorders?
Orton
Who is known for distinguishing 2 types of language problems associated with aphasia? What are the 2 types?
McGinnis
expressive and receptive
What is Chomsky known for?
theory of transformational grammar
Why do we use these separate terms: speech, language and communication?
They are all separate areas of concern, although impairments in one area may affect the other.
What are 3 major aspects of language?
- Form
- Content
- Use
What does “Form” refer to?
syntax, morphology, phonology
What does “content” refer to?
semantics
What does “use” refer to when talking about aspects of language?
pragmatics
Describe characteristics of DLD when ‘form’ is affected (7)
- Omitting morphosyntactics
- Problems producing “wh” questions
- Poor understanding of passive constructions (“the boys was kissed by the girl”)
- Poor understanding of embedded clauses
- Poor understanding of pronomial references
- Poor understanding of locatives
- poor understanding of datives
What are the weak areas for someone when phonology is affected with DLD?
- discrimination
- categorizing sounds
- production
- sequencing
When “content” is affected with DLD what are some characteristics that can be seen?
- slow to learn new words
- require more exposure in order to retain
- naming errors ( “scissors” instead of “knife”)
- homophones
When “use” is affected with DLD what are some characteristics that can be seen?
- initiating/maintaining conversational topics
- clarifications
- turn taking
- matching communication style
- figurative language
- inferences.
what is considered a “hallmark” of primary DLD?
grammar
what is the most consistently reported finding in children with primary DLD?
They omit monophosyntactic markers of grammatical tense in spontaneous speech where morphemes are obligatory.
-omission of past tense, third person singular -s, copular form of the verb “be”
-
One way to describe children with DLD is to say that their developmental level is significantly _______ than their chronological age.
lower than
Should we use cognitive tests that involve the production or understanding of speech when testing children with DLD?
No
what is nosology?
the branch of medical science dealing with the classification of diseases.
what does DLD stand for?
developmental language disorder
What makes a child more susceptible to DLD? (3)
- biological disposition
- pre or post-natal experiences
- chance events
what are the levels of explanation for developmental language disorder?
- biological: (genetic influences)
- cognitive: (perception and information processing)
- behavioral: (overt behaviors)
- environmental (this can affect 1-3)
Is DLD genetic?
it is thought possible, yet environments may have an affect too.
which two areas within the inferior frontal gyrus form Brocas area?
par opercularis
pars triangularis
what are the key structures important for auditory processing and language comprehension?
Wernickes (Heschel’s gyrus, superior temporal gyrus and planum temporale)
What is the name of the fiber bundle that connects the frontal and temporal regions?
arcuate fasciculus
what does the brain structure of DLD look like?
- atypical pattern of asymmetry of language cortex.
- abnormalities in white matter volume
- cortical dysplaisa
- additional gyri in frontal or temporal regions
what techniques have been used to study the way children with primary DLD function differently. (2)
- fMRI
2. EEG (electrophysiological measures)
what does a fMRI test?
brain activity in response to some external stimuli
what does the EEG test?
firing of neurons in the brain in response to a specific external event
Can environmental factors account solely to DLD?
no
What are some environmental factors associated with DLD? (2)
socioeconomic status
multi-cultural societies
Are auditory deficits a cause of DLD?
no
auditory processing and other cognitive models of DLD generally take a __________ view of language processing
bottom-up
What is the “bottom-up” view?
lower level processes (perception/discrimination), provide input necessary to the function of the high-level processing (comprehension)
What will always influence how one processes input?
prior knowledge
What is the conclusion to theoretical studies of DLD?
it is unlikely there is a single factor that would cause a variety of language profiles that are seen in DLD.
What is comorbidity?
two or more disorders simultaneously
children with ASD and DLD showed similarities in what 2 areas?
structural language (grammar and vocabulary)
children with DLD were more likely to have _________ than ASD.
speech production and articulation
How do children with ASD and DLD differ most greatly ?
social interactions and general communication
