Chapter 1 - 4 exam Flashcards
(508 cards)
1
Q
To reduce social psychologist measurement of expressed attitudes what do they use to measure and most used version of this
A
- Reducing bias = measures of implicit (unconscious) attitudes
- Most used: implicit association test (IAT)
2
Q
What group of people have the lowest self-esteem in America and what does this show
A
- Asian-Americans
- they place an emphasis on self-improvement. Which may be the key to success
3
Q
Mark Leary view on self-esteem
A
- self-esteem like a fuel gauge
- When treated to social rejection, we are motivated to have more self-esteem
4
Q
Principle of aggregation
A
effects of an attitude more apparent when looking at persons average behavior
5
Q
An integrated set of principles that are used to explain and predict events is called a
A
theory
6
Q
Social comparison can be based on what
why is this bad
A
- Based on incomplete information
- Social media create a feeling of everyone is happy beside me
7
Q
The belief in our superiority motivates us to… what is this called
A
achieve ( self-fulfilling prophecy)
8
Q
two essential ingredients of social psychology experiment =
A
- control
- random assignment
9
Q
Why is volunteering to say or do undesirable things arousing?
A
- Self-affirmation theory
- such acts are embarrassing, make us feel like fools - justifying actions and decisions is self-affirming
10
Q
Carold Tavris & Elliot Aronson book mistakes were made (but not by me) showed
A
- People don’t change their minds even when proven wrong
11
Q
Do narcissistic people actually hate themselves?
A
No - high level of narcissistic personality traits = high self-esteem
12
Q
Lee Ross & Craig Anderson study and findings on belief perseverance
A
- tried to discredit a falsehood placed in people’s minds
- Difficult to demolish a falsehood after a person conjured a rationale for it
13
Q
humans are Most motivated to maintain
A
self-esteem
14
Q
Defensive pessimism
A
anticipates problems and motivates effective coping
15
Q
Favorable and unfavorable evaluative reactions toward something is a description of a person’s
A
attitude
16
Q
Representativeness
Amos Tversky & Daniel Kahneman on the probability of events
A
- = usually reality
- the conjunction of two events not more likely than either one event alone
17
Q
Self-efficacy (how capable you think you can do a task ) predicts what, what is the recipe for high self-efficacy
A
- worker productivity
- Competence + persistence = more accomplishment = higher self-efficacy
18
Q
Why does getting Botox helps depressed people
A
- prevents them from frowning—recover from depression more quickly
- because they find it more difficult to remember why they were sad
19
Q
Self-justification (cognitive dissonance) theory
A
- Tension that arises when one is simultaneously aware of two inconsistent cognitions.
- For example, dissonance may occur when we realize that we have, with little justification, acted contrary to our attitudes or made a decision favoring one alternative despite reasons favoring another.
20
Q
Eduardo is sitting at his desk in his new kindergarten classroom and listening to his teacher. This behavior is a ______ Eduardo has learned.
A
role
21
Q
When recalling our past,
A
become like observers of someone else - old you is different than today’s you
22
Q
Micheal Ross & Garth Fletcher on moods and judgments
A
Humans don’t attribute changing perceptions to our mood shifts
world really seems different
23
Q
Deciding-becomes-believing-effect =
who proved this
A
- overconfidence
- Robert Know & James Inkster
24
Q
While watching Jeopardy, Tyler announces that he is really impressed with how smart Alex Trebek is. Tyler’s perception that Alex Trebek actually knows all the answers to the questions is an example of
A
the fundamental attribution error.
25
What are our **attitudes and beliefs shaped by**
External social forces
26
Self-presentation theory
* we all **care** about **what others** people **think of us**
* so we **express attitudes** **that make us** appear **consistent**
27
People's **perception of bias** can be **used to assess** their
attitudes
28
What two things can **affect** an **unrepresentative sample**
1. Who is **able to receive**
2. Who is **answering**
29
**How** does **narcissism start**
How to **prevent it**
* **Superiority** rooted in **childhood**
* tell kids you **love them not how special they are**
30
What did the *Timothy Lawson* **study** show?
That **people don’t pay as much attention to us as we think**
31
**Western** literature, such as **The Iliad and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn**, celebrates which **characteristics**?
independent self
32
Our **self-esteem fuel gauge** can \_\_\_\_\_\_.
1. **motivate** us to **self-improvement**
2. motivate **greater sensitivity**
3. **alert** us to **social rejection**
33
brain systems that **process our bodily sensations** communicate with
the **brain systems** responsible **for** our **social thinking**.
34
*Paul Schaffner* on **regression toward the average**
**stimulating** the **consequences** **of** using **praise and punishment** **showed** how the **illusion of control may infiltrate human relations**
Even though **reprimands** were having **no effect** **students believed** they were **effective**
35
What happens **when** we are **failing**?
1. We like to **make fun of others who are worse**
2. Think its **common**
36
What **matters** more **in** a **collectivist society**
**We**
**group goals and solidarity**; our social responsibilities and relationships
37
Brennen has entered **middle school** and is asking himself, "**Who am I?"** Brennen is **demonstrating** the **identification of his self-**\_\_\_\_\_\_.
concept
38
Dispositional attribution
Those who **attribute poverty & employment to personal dispositions**
**political** positions often **unsympathetic to people**
39
**Culture** is **composed** **of**
* Ideas
* attitudes
* traditions
40
False uniqueness effect
We **serve** our **self-image by seeing our talents and moral behaviors as** relatively **unusual**
41
**Counterfactual thinking** embodies
our **feelings of luck**
42
Who do **people like more**?
What are some of the **traits** and **rewards** they have?
1. People like those who are **confident**
1. **even when** confidence is **not justified by** the **ability**
2. ****Traits:
1. Spoke **first**
2. talked **longer**
3. used a more **factual tone**
3. Rewards:
1. **desirable** as romantic partner
2. become **leaders**
43
How have **naming children changed** in recent years?
* **US** families are more likely to **give** children **unique names** than common
* shows an **increase in individualism**
* most unique names in: Western US, AU, & Canada
44
What do we **attribute successes and failures** to
* Attribute **success** to **our ability & effort**
* Attribute **failure** to an **external factor**
45
Representativeness Heuristics
simple, **efficient thinking strategies**. **enable** us to make **routine decisions with minimal effort**
46
The ***1969 research by Allan Wicker*** discovered that a **person's attitude did not necessarily predict his or her behavior**. Specific examples Wicker found include which of the following?
1. Individual descriptions of **racial attitudes did not predict behaviors in an actual situation**.
2. Individual **attitudes about church attendance did not predict their own Sunday attendance**.
3. Student **attitudes about cheating did not predict their own cheating behaviors**.
47
Thalamus
brain sensory switchboard
48
**Self-presentation** work to
**managing impression** we create
49
Self-serving bias appears as
1. self-serving attributions
2. self-congratulatory comparisons
3. illusory optimism
4. false consensus for one’s failings
50
Humans analyze behavior by
feelings about person
51
Planning fallacy
**underestimating how long** it will take **to complete a task**
52
*Mark Snyder* **belief** and how it **occurs**
* **behavioral confirmation**
* Occurs as people interact the **actions of one person come to reinforce the expectations of another person**
* believe others are lonely = behave less socially
53
*Icek Ajzen & Martin Fishbein;* when the **measured attitude** is **general**
* = **behavior** is **very specific**
* **“Theory of planned behavior”**
* **knowing** people’s **intended behaviors** & perceived self-efficacy and control means your **better at predicting behavior**
54
Which **term** did **sociologist Charles H. Cooley create** to describe our use of **how we think others perceive us as a mirror for perceiving ourselves**?
The looking glass self
55
**Cause** of **confirmation bias** and how can we **reduce it**
* Cause?
* **System one snap judgment** = look for information consistent with our presumptions
* Fix?
* Using **system 2 more**
56
Moral \_\_\_\_, especially **when freely chosen rather than coerced, affects moral thinking**.
action
57
How do **social comparison** and **self-concept** **affect high school students**?
* **AP** students who think they are **better than honors**
* can be **threatened after graduation** when a student who excelled in an average high school goes on to an academically selective university. The **“big fish” is no longer in a small pond**
58
*Elizabeth Dunn* on **self-presentation**
**date nights work** because **encourage active self-presentation** = **improves mood**
59
**Social intuition can be a problem** because we may \_\_\_\_\_\_.
1. **trust** our **memories more than** we **should**
2. **predict** our **future incorrectly**
60
*Richard Miller* view on **children's behavior**
**Expectations** influence children's behavior
**telling children they are** hard-working and kind they **may live up to their labels**
61
People **sense of overconfidence lowers**
as the **task gets closer**
62
What do **polls tell you**
Describe **public opinion at moment** they're taken not voting results
63
**Individual societies disapprove** of
Conformity
64
“Probability neglect”
**Worry** about **remote possibilities** while **ignoring high probabilities**
65
How does the **power of a social situation** make people act **contrary to** their **expressed attitudes**?
Social influences **shape our behavior**
good people turn Nazis
66
What is the **recipe for conceited**
**High self-esteem** + **Narcissism** = conceited
67
**Interdependent selves** have not oneself but many selves that are **embedded in** what
what are **some** of these **selves**
* the interdependent self is embedded in **social memberships**.
1. self-with-**parents**
2. self-at-**work**
3. self-with-**friends**
68
**Cultural psychology** is about what.
**making the strange familiar and the familiar strange**.
Our shared cultural encounters astonished us and convinced us that when it comes to psychological functioning, culture matters
69
Political overconfidence
**overconfident decision-makers** can wreak **havoc**
70
What does **compare upward** mean
When we **reach one level of greatness** we **strive for higher**
71
Priming
is the awakening or **activating of certain associations to a word**
72
When **low in self-monitoring pros and cons**
* Pro:
* **Care less** what others think, internally guided
* Con:
* comes across **insensitive**
73
Vanessa has felt much **tension after failing statistics**. She **thinks** of herself as **really good at math** and wants a **future** as a **statistician**. Vanessa is **experiencing** \_\_\_\_\_\_.
dissonance
74
*Robert Vallone, Lee Ross,& Mark Lepper* revealed
* how **powerful preconceptions** can be
* **Perceived** mediators and **media is biased against** their **position**
75
a basic **principle of social thinking**:
* People **slow** to deduce **particular instances** from a **general truth**
* but they are remarkably **quick to infer general truth** from a **vivid instance**
76
*Robert Ridge & Jueffery Reber* on **women behavior**
* a **woman’s behavior** seems to **confirm a man’s beliefs**
* he **may** then **escalate his advances**
77
*Sociologist Paul Lazarsfeld* **view** on historian *Arthur Schlesinger* **showed** what
That what **may seem obvious is actually incorrect**
78
When **studying social psychology** what are you **researching?**
1. Social **thinking**
2. Social **relations**
3. Social **influence**
79
**Happiness** in **collectivist** vs **individualistic** cultures
* **collectivist**
* **positive social** engagement
* **individualistic**
* **disengages emotions** ( feeling superior )
80
After the winner of a hotly contested presidential primary was announced, Tina stated, "**Well duh, who didn't know that would happen**?" This is an **example** of the
hindsight bias
81
**explicit self-reports predict** behavior for
For **attitudes** related to **consumer behavior** and **support for political candidates**
82
Cultural differences influence
attribution error
83
Expertise
controlled skill to auto-pilot (driving a car)
84
What **internal factors influence** our **behavior**
A person's character ( **disposition** ) and **inner attitudes**
85
Many **life tasks recipe**
= **Intrinstic** reward + **extrinsic** reward
86
what is **Illusory optimism**
what is a **negative** to it?
* We **don't see bad things happening to us**
* increase **vulnerability**
87
* *Incompetence** feels \_\_\_,
* Justin Kruger & David Dunning* view
* Incompetence feels **overconfidence**
* takes **competence** to recognize **impatience**
88
Collectivism
Giving **priority to the goals of one’s group** (often one’s extended family or work group) and **defining one’s identity accordingly**.
89
What combine **creates** **hindsight bias**
1. Errors in **judging the future**
2. Errors in **remembering the past**
90
**Hurt those we dislike** and dislike
**those we hurt** = **justifies cruel** behavior
Especially **evident when coaxed than coerced** = not our fault
91
*La Rochefoucauld's* book of **Maxism**:
when do **one bad thing easier to do another**
92
**Ideas, behaviors, and traditions shared by a large group** of people and that are **transmitted from one generation** to another are called.
culture transmission
93
To get people to **focus on inner convictions**
make them **self aware**
94
*Cathy McFarland & Michael Ross* study on **memories**
as **relationships change we revise our recollections** of people
95
**Collectivistic cultures promote** a greater sense of
**belong** & **integration** between **self and others**
96
What does the **right hemisphere of your brain** **do** and why is it **important**
* Its the part of our brain that **lets us recognitive ourselves**
97
What **cognitive dissociates theory focuses** on
**what induces a desired action**
only enough reward not too much
98
**False uniqueness effect** serves what
This series **our self-image**
99
Why is **optimism better than pessimism**
* Optimism beats pessimism in **promoting self efficacy ,Health, and well-being**
* Most believe happiness in the future belief creates present happiness
* Pessimist die sooner
100
*Jack Brehm* (first dissonance experiment):
after choice is made we **prefer our choice than other option**
101
**How** does the **human brain think**
on a **two-level system**
1. intuitive
2. deliberate
102
**Education** could **reduce** what and how
* Education could reduce our **vulnerability to certain errors**
* BY:
* Train people to **recognize likely source of error** in social intuition
* Set up stats courses get everyday problems of social and logical judgment
* **Illustrating** it's richly **with concrete vivid and anecdotes** from everyday life
* Teach **memorable and useful slogans**
103
What is **more compelling** to humans **Powerful anecdotes or statistical information**
**Powerful anecdotes** more compelling than statistical information
104
Goal and Consequences of **self handicap**
* Goal -
* have a **self-protective aim**
* Consequences -
* Students who self-handicap end up with **lower GPAs**
105
When **people think well of us what happens**
We **think well of ourselves**
106
*Robyn Dawes*:
we **should teach** **how** to **process social information**
107
Recipe for **shaping self**
Shaping self = **Moral acts** + **Harmful acts**
108
Are **humans** mostly **accurate in reality**
**Yes** mostly accurate in reality
but **biases and logical flaws**
109
*Richard Feynman* on **comparing the theories**
**a different** sets of **assumptions** can **lead to** the **same principle**
110
What 2 things **cant dissonance theory explain**
1. Dissonance theory can’t explain **attitude change that occurs without dissonance**
as we act and reflect we develop more readily accessible attitudes to our future behavior
2. Dissonance theory doesn't explain the **overjustification effect**
111
**Self-perception** is **accurate when** what
1. when **causes of behavior are conspicuous**
2. correct **explanations fit our intuition**.
112
**People regret** things \_\_\_
What is the **most common regret** in adults
**they didn't do** more than things they did do
The most common regret in adults = **not taking education more seriously**
113
Our **beliefs** and **expectations** powerfully **affects**
**how we** mentally **construct events**
Consequences = **prisoner of** our own **thought patterns**
114
When does **individualism flourish**: when people experience
1. Affluence
2. Mobility
3. Urbanism
4. Economic prosperity
5. Mass media
6. Economies shift from manufactory to information and service industries
115
What is **error in budgeting** and who **discovered** it
We think we will **save more money than we do**
Jonanna Peetz & Roger Buehler
116
What do **theories** **do**
1. summarize
2. imply testable predictions = **hypothesis**
117
*Mark Leary* view on **high self-monitoring**
self they know different from the self they show
118
**Who** created the idea of **self-efficacy** and **why**
Albert Bandura
to show **power of positive thinking**
119
Self-fulfilling prophecy
beliefs that lead to their own fulfillment
120
What is the **relationship between ourselves and the world around us**?
**Bidirectional**
sense of ourselves affects how we respond to others
and
others help shape our sense of self
121
**Individualistic** western world view on **attribution error**
people, not situations cause events
Internal exclamations more socially approved
122
Is **self presentation** always **conscious** what is its **pros**
* **Not always** conscious effort
* Pros: improve mood
123
**Students** that score **lower academically**
**more** likely to **overestimate**
124
**who** thought we have **2 brain system**
**Daniel Kahneman** thinking fast and slow book
125
When **evaluating research studies** what potential **biases influence**
1. unrepresentative samples
2. question order
3. response options
4. question-wording
126
*James Laird* on **expressions and attitudes**
**smiling** makes you **happy**, **frowning** makes you **sad**
127
**IAT test** shown what
1. Implicit biases are **pervasive**
2. people **differ in implicit bias**
3. people are often **unaware of their implicit bias**
128
**self-schemas** that **make up** our **self-concepts help** us
1. organize
2. retrieve our experiences.
1. (most like to remember Ts birthday cause it’s close yours than Kam )
129
*Elizabeth Loftus & Mark Klinger* (**cognitive scientists)** believed
**unconscious not as smart** as once believed
130
When are you **most prone to impact bias**
after negative event
131
Social cognitive studies proved
1. **information processing** powers impressive for **efficiency** and **adaptiveness**
2. but vulnerable to
1. predictable errors
2. miss judgment
132
Most **participants in experiments** are who
College students
**weird - 15% of pop**
1. Western
2. Educatued
3. Industrialized
4. Rich
5. Democratic
133
*Brad Bushman & Roy Baumeister* on **narcissism and agression**
people with **high self-esteem & narcissism** were **most aggressive (especially publicly)**
134
Stockbroker overconfidence:
stocks = confidence game, equal chance of randomly selected stock in an investment analyst stock
**More overconfident = more money put in**
Even **when loses digs in heels**
135
What is **impression management**
Continually managing impressions we create to fit in
136
Student overconfidence
The **more confident a student was, the more likely to fail**
would stop studying
137
*John Bargh* on **priming**
Linked **primes to bells** that **only mental butlers can hear**
138
Maria has **never liked coffee but loves caffeine drinks**. She is **displaying** a **negative** ______ toward coffee.
attitude
139
*Daniel Gilbert and Timothy Wilson* view on **predicting our feelings**
**we miswant**
**what seems good and what is good** are two **different things**
140
*Steven Berglas & Edward Jones* study found
People are more likely to **take drugs to suppress intelligence, in fear they won’t do as well next time**
141
What do **hypotheses** do
1. To **test** a **theory**
2. **Give directions to research,** sometimes giving investigators things they might not have considered
3. Make **theories practical**
142
Attempts to **change behavior by changing attitudes** =
often **fail**
143
People with **low self-esteem experience** more of what
1. anxiety
2. loneliness
3. eating disorders
4. Negative view - don’t like to hear positive things about negative experiences
144
When **high in self monitoring pros and cons**
* Cons:
* less committed to relationships
* dissatisfied in marriages
* Pros:
* more connections online
145
What are a **narcissists thought process**
Narcissists don’t care about others
## Footnote
**(think they are better than everyone)**
146
*Albert Mannes & Don Moore* on **overconfidence**
When **thinking we know how something will go** we **miss the mark**
147
**Beliefs about sexual preference, marriage, and education** all reflect a person's
values
148
A type of self-fulfilling prophecy whereby **people's social expectations lead them to behave in ways that cause others to confirm their expectation**s is called
bevaioral confirmation
149
What were the **1980s Marxists criticisms of social psychology**
1. Marxists called **attention to competitive**
2. **individualist bias** - that conformity was bad and individualism is good
150
How do you **maintain a positive self-image**, how does a self-image **change over time**
* **Attribute success to their ability & effort** = helps maintain positive self-image
* We see are **past selves more critical** than we see our present
* we see ourselves **getting better in the future**
151
Do **self-fulfilling prophecies** color our **personal relationships**?
**Negative expectations** of a person leads us to be **extra nice to that person** -\>
that person **acts nice in return** -\>
**disconfirming our expectations**
152
Who studies were **sense of self arises**
Neuroscientist
153
*Daniel Batson* theory and what does it mean
Moral hypocrisy
**appearing moral** while **avoiding the cost** of being so
154
*Ivan Hernandez & Jesse Lee Preston* view on **confirmation bias**
Thought **reduces confirmation**
155
**Self-perception** theorist *Daryl Bam*
it boils down to **personal loyalties and preferences**
156
*Katherine Burns Vanghan & John Lanzetta* study on **expressions and attitudes**
**imitating others’** expressions **help** us **know what they feel**
We **naturally and unconsciously mimic others** - makes use of emotional contagion
157
People with **high + secure self-esteem** =
engage in **low self justification**
158
Social comparisons
**Others** help **define** the **standard** by which **we define ourselves**
159
**Controlled reflective, deliberate, and conscious** is system 1 or 2
System 2
160
Self-perfection & dissonance theory =
**contradict each other** -
can use **both to justify findings**
161
Remedies for overconfidence
1. Be careful of others dogmatic statements: **confidence ≠ competence**
1. Two strageties:
1. **Prompt feedback:** receiving clear daily feedback
2. **Think about wrong:** Consider disconfirming info
162
The **looking-glass self** was created by who and says what
Charles H. Cooley
How we think **others perceive as a mirror for ourselves**
163
**Self control** is like a \_\_\_:
Self control is like a **muscle**
it **can be strengthened**
164
*Robert Feldman & Thomas Prohaska* and **student expectations upon teachers**
* expectations can **affect both students and teachers**
* Students who **expected a good teacher perceive them as good and learned more**
165
Implicit association test
use this **reaction time to measure** how **quickly people associate concepts**
166
*Tversky & Kaneman* on **tests**
* We **don’t recognize regression toward the average**
* Students who earn **low scores on first exam more likely to improve**
* Nature operates in such a way that we **often feel punished for rewarding others** and **rewarded for punishing them** - positive reinforcement for doing right things usually more effective
167
What is our **self-esteem most threatened by**
close friends and family
168
Self-serving attributions
attributing **positive** outcomes **to oneself**
**negative** outcomes to **something else**
169
**High self-esteem** (sense of self-worth) **fosters** what
1. initiative
2. resilience
3. pleasant feelings
170
**Automatic thinking** includes what **4 concepts**
1. Schemes
2. emotional reactions
3. expertise
4. snap judgment
171
Self-esteem
A person’s overall self-evaluation or **sense of self-worth.**
172
\_\_\_\_\_ theory assumes that **to reduce discomfort, we justify our actions to ourselves**.
Cognitive dissonance
173
Dissonance vs self-percection
**Dissonance** **better** theory in terms of **having attitude and behaviors disagree doesn't produce arousal**
174
**Miss attribution** is more likely to **occur**
* when **men** are **in** a position of **power**
* 23% of women forced into sexual acts, 3% of men never forced women
175
Illusory Correlation
When we **expect to find significant relationships,** we **easily associate random events**
176
**low expectations** don't boom
a **capable child** and high expectations do not transform a student
Expectations = **Boost low achievers**
177
Reason for attribution error
find causes when look for them
178
Our **perceptions of others** are
more accurate than bias
179
**Difference** between **self-efficacy & self-esteem**
which is more effective at **better performance**
* Self-efficacy: When you believe you can do something
* Self-esteem: When you like yourself overall
* **Self-efficacy feedback** leads to better performance than self-esteem feedback
180
How does **priming influence thoughts and actions**
Ones thought can influence another or action
181
What is a good **slogan for self-serving bias**
It’s **us when good** things happen, and it’s **others when bad** things happen
182
what reveals the **depth of our concern for self-image**.
1. Self-serving bias
2. false modesty
3. self-handicapping
183
When peoples **perceptions about the past manipulated** we
construct false memories
184
*Micheal Gazzaniga* study
patients with **brain hemispheres removed** = **fabricate and believe** exclamations of **puzzling behaviors**
185
**Humans** can be **described** as what in regards to **behavior and attitude**
Humans are **powerless machines**
what is **unreal can turn real**
186
Self-concept
the specific beliefs by which you **define yourself**
187
Depleting self-control =
**more** likely to do **meaningful activities**
188
2 IAT criticisms
1. Can't assess and compare individuals
2. Dispute how well race IAT predicts discrimination
189
false modesty phenomenon:
display **lower self-esteem** than privately feel
190
Embodied cognition
The mutual **influence of bodily sensations on cognitive preferences and social judgments**.
**physical sensations prime** our social judgment
191
Social Cognition
The **way** in which **people think about other people**
192
**Attribution theorist** view on **perspective and situational awareness**
1. observe others differently than ourselves
2. **Environment** commands our attention = when *we* act
3. **Person** center of our attention = when **others** act
193
*Robert Rosenthal* theory and what it is
Experimenter bias
Research for **participants** sometimes **live up to what they believe experimenters predict** of them
194
A major **advantage of experiments** over correlational studies is \_\_\_\_\_\_.
1. the **cause** can be **inferred**
2. **Random assignment** is possible.
195
A research study has found that **young adults with low self-esteem** had **trouble escaping a tough** \_\_\_\_\_\_.
childhood
196
Social Psychology
studies how **situations influence us**
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How do you **social psychologist organize ideas and findings**
Into **theories** – scientific shorthand
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Self-presentation
refers to our **wanting to present a desired image** both **to** an external audience (**other people)** **and** to an internal audience (**ourselves**).
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Narcissism
Having an **inflated sense of self**
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What is the **most important aspect of yourself?**
Your self
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*Susan Andersen and Serena Chen* believed what
We **change our faces** ( personalities ) **to match** our **social situations**
202
Is there a **link between success and self-esteem**
no
203
Progressive social psychologists, *Lee jussim* view
discriminate against conservative psychologists by **saying the reality is not**
204
How to **reduce dissonance** =
upgrading chosen alternative
downgrading unchosen option
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Facial-feedback effect
The tendency of **facial expressions** to **trigger corresponding feelings** such as fear, anger, or happiness.
206
Are more people **optimistic or pessimistic**
Optimistic
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*Bertram Malle* view on **perspective and situational awareness**
* actor-observer difference minimal
* When our **actions feel intentional and admirable** = attribute to one **good reason**
* When we **behave bad = situation**
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What do **self-schemas affect**?
affect how we
1. perceive
2. remember
3. evaluate other people and ourselves
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What is **behavior predicted by**
Behavior predicted by **implicit and explicit measures + situation**
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3 of the **fundamental principles in social psychology**?
1. We socially construct our world view.
2. Social behavior is shaped by biology.
3. Social behavior is shaped by others and ourselves.
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Social psychologist
what it **reveals about normal information processes** (map of every day social thinking)
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In *Savitsky and Gilovich’s* research on **nervousness and public speaking**, which of the following is true?
Informed felt best
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**who** made **cognitive dissonance theory**
Leon Festinger
214
Attribution researchers **common problem with our attributions**
1. we often **underestimate the impact of the situation**
2. **overestimate** the extent to which it **reflects the individual's traits & attitude**
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**Failures of self-control** appear when
appear when **doing something taxing**, difficult, or unpleasant
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*Rob Holland* study on **priming**
Dutch students **exposed to** certain **all-purpose cleaners quicker to identify cleaning-related words** and activities
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*Dawes* belief on **False consensus** occurs
because we **generalize a limited sample that includes ourself**
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Impact bias
**overestimating** the enduring **impact of emotion-causing events**
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**Illusion intuition appears** in how we
1. take in
2. store
3. retrieve social information
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*C.S Lewis* view on **self-knowledge**
the one thing **we know for certain is ourselves** Yet **sometimes** we think we know, but **our inside information is wrong**.
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Independent variable
variable that **stays the same**
222
Internal cause / Dispositional attribution
someone’s disposition or **mental state**
223
**Attitudes-follow-behavior effect stronger** when
people felt some **choice** + actions had **foreseeable consequences**
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Most people see themselves as **better than average person on three dimensions**:
1. subjective
2. socially desirable
3. common dimensions
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Why self-handicap?
To **protect self-image**
**fearing failure**, people give themselves an **external reason** why they didn’t do well.
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Try to **hide your flaws from people**, make them
**like you less**
undermining your self-esteem
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Psychologist Herbert Simon
to cope with reality we simplify
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**Collectivistic** vs **individualistic** culture on **self-esteem**
* Collectivist culture =
* self-esteem **malleable** rather than stable
* Do **better** when **failing**
* Individualistic cultures =
* self-esteem **personal** and less relational
* Do **better** when **succeeding**
229
Camera perspective bias
* **Camera position** affects the **way we view coerced vs genuine confessions**
* Camera on suspect = genuine
* Camera on detective = coerced
**Most confession video tapes on suspect** - Almost 100% conviction rate
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What **affects moral thinking**, **who** thought of it
**moral action**s, especially **when chosen**, affect moral thinking
Jonathan Freedman
231
When does the “**medial prefrontal cortex**, become more **active**
When you think of yourself
232
Research has shown that our **self-esteem motivation is a motivator in increasing** our
self-serving bias
233
People miss perceive random events
**as confirming their belief**
If believe correlation exists = more likely to notice and recall confirming instances
234
**Theories that prove actions** actually seem to affect **attitude theory**
1. cognitive dissonce
2. self-perception theory
235
*Lee Jussim, Stacy Robustelli, & Thomas Cain* study on **teacher expectation and student performance**
**75%** correlation between **teachers expectations and student** future **achievement**
236
A **theory** is an integrated set of principles that are **used to**
explain and predict observed events
237
**Theory that proves actions** only seem to affect **attitude theory**
self-presentation theory
238
Social scientist **pre-segregational schools showed**
if we **legislate moral action** = **affect** heartfelt **attitudes**
239
what is *Julie Norem* theory on **pessimism**
defensive pessimism
Saves us from the **harms of unrealistic optimism**
**Students not so confident do better** than confident students - cause they study harder
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Richard Grunberger
prevented from saying what they believe = people consciously made effort to believe what they said
241
*Kristin Neff* **strategy** on maintain **self-esteem**
**Self-compassion**
**l**eaving behind comparisons with others and instead of treating ourselves with kindness
242
one of the **most potent human biases** is
Self-serving attributions
243
**Social judgment** for happy and unhappy people
* Unhappy people:
* Cons: more so focused and boating
* Pros: motivates intense thinking
* Happy people:
* Pros: more trusting, loving and responsive, see the world brighter
244
Robert Merton theory
Self-fulfilling prophecies
245
What were **1980s feminist criticisms of social psychology**?
**biases to** the **conservativeness** of scientists who **favored biological interpretation of gender differences and social behavior**
246
*Terrance Mitchell & Leigh Thompson* on the **construction of positive memories**
Rosy retrospection
Construction of positive memories **brightens our recollections**
247
How do humans judge events
Based on **how easily they come to mind**
people are more afraid of plane crashes because they hear about them more than car crashes
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Misinformation Effect
people incorporate the misinformation into their memories
249
*Micheal Conway & Micheal Ross* view on **self-improvement**
**having put so much time, effort, and money** into self-improvement people often think they **get better than they actually do**
250
**Cons** to the **I knew it all along phenomenon**
1. Builds arrogance
2. blame decision-makers for more obvious bad decisions than good
251
What are **evolutionary psychologists** view on **humans interacts?**
inherited human nature predisposes us to **behave in ways that helped our ancestors survive and reproduce**
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**Collectivist** worldview on **attribution error**
Collectivist worldview = **more sensitive to the importance of situations**
Less inclined to assume others behavior correspond to their traits
253
*Julie Woodzicka and Marianne LaFrance* study on **predicting our feelings** showed what
we misjudge our emotions
254
Illusory thinking comes from where
= comes from **useless heuristics that aid are survival**
255
Blindsight
Lost visual cortex - just knew theater stick was vertical or horizontal
256
*Mark Snyder & William Swann* study and results
if we think about attitudes before acting, would we be truer to ourselves?
**Attitudes predicted behaviors only** for those who are **first induced to remember attitudes**
257
The **more significant and unlikely the event**
more intense the counterfactual thinking
258
Peoples intelligence scores correlated
with **vulnerability** to many different **thinking biases**
259
*Andy Marten* study on **killing bugs**
**more likely to kill** bugs after the first time
260
*Jennifer crocker* backfire to actively **pursuing self-esteem**
Students whose **self-worth based on external sources experienced more stress**, anger, drug use, etc.
261
**Confirmation bias** helps **explain** what
*William Swann* helps prove this by showing
* Helps explain **why self image is stable**
* students seek, explicit, and recall feedback that **confirms beliefs about themselves**.
People **choose close ones that boost own self you even if low confidence**
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The study of **social behavior is built on** what
**biological and social factors**
we build on basic sciences and elevate to a higher level
263
*Diane Holmberg & John Holmes* on **memories**
where is your **current view** on your partner is the worst **your memories** are
264
**Most terrorists, and gang leaders** have what
High self-esteem
265
Who found **Collectivist societies become more individualistic** in short time
Steven Heine
266
*Timothy Wilson* view on **wisdom and illusions of self-analysis**
**Analyzing** **feelings** can actually **make our judgments less accurate.**
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Self-perception theory
actions are self revealing:
268
Correlational pros and cons
* Pros
* examining important variables in natural settings
* Cons
* ambiguous interpretation of cause-and-effect
269
For attitude to leave to change behavior
Goals must be set
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Neuroscientists identified **brain centers that produce implicit reactions** -
**amygdala** active when automatically evaluating social stimuli
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Statistical intuition and fears are driven by
emotions
Dramatic events awaken us to real risk
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Practicing self-control in one area
= improved self control overall
273
A **concept under confirmation bias** and what it is
**Ideological echo chambe**r
choosing something that you know aligns with your thoughts
274
Why is it **important to listen to criticism**
the **recipe for success** in life
optimism to sustain hope + pessimism to motivate concerned
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Who created **misinformation effect** what is it
Elizabeth Loftus
**Miss information produces false memories** of supposed child sexual abuse
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Individualism
The concept of **giving priority to one’s own goals over group** goals and defining one’s identity in terms of **personal attributes** rather than group identifications
277
What are the **3 sections under social psychology**
1. Social **influence**
2. Social **cognition**
3. Social **interaction**
278
Robert Cialdini:
additional reasons might never have existed had choice not been made
279
Controlled variable
the one **being mesured**
280
**How do peoples beliefs and attitudes change** from then to present day *D.R. Wixon & Jammes Laird* on this concept
George Vaillant:
* Peoples whose beliefs or attitudes change and **says they have always felt this**
* Rosy Retrospection they **recall mildly pleasant events more favorably than they experienced** them way
* D.R. Wixon & Jammes Laird: the speed, magnitude, and certainty the students revised their past was striking
* George Vaillant: maturation makes liars of us
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Confirmation Bias
eager to verify our beliefs but less inclined to seek evidence that might disprove them
282
Western cultures (**individualisms**) thoughts on **identity**
1. self-contained
2. personal traits & goals
283
System 1
functions **automatically** and out of our awareness (often called “intuition” or a “gut feeling”)
284
A century ago, *William James* identified **we infer our emotions by observing our bodies** and our \_\_\_\_\_\_.
behaviors
285
False Consensus effect
we find **support for our positions by overestimating how much others agree**
286
The **tendency to exaggerate your ability to have foreseen** the **results after you learn the outcome** is called the
**hindsight bias** ( I knew it all along phenomenon )
287
**Europe** has given researchers a **major theory** of \_\_\_\_\_.
social identity
288
Belief Perseverance
**Persistence of one’s initial conceptions**, such as when the basis for one’s belief is **discredited but an explanation of why the belief might be true survives**.
289
What are our **two brain systems**
1. System 1: **automatic** - influences more of our actions
2. System 2: **conscious**
290
When do **Attitudes Predict Behavior**
1. when **other** **influences** on what we say and do are **minimal**
2. attitude is **specifics the behavior**
3. attitude is **potent**
291
Antonia Abbey and misattribution
men more likely to attribute women's friendliness to sexual interest
Misattribution: can contribute as sexual harassment or rape
292
we **managing impressions by**
Express attitudes that match our actions + insecurity
293
Tom is an extrovert and therefore he loves going to parties and talking to people. Tom's personality has influenced his behavior, an example of behavior being changed by \_\_\_\_\_\_.
Internal forces
294
Self-monitoring
act like social chameleons
they **use self-presentation to adjust their behavior in response to external situations**
295
social psychologists job
social psychologists make it their business **to explain people’s explanations**
Our **judgments of people depend on how we explain their behavior**
296
**Mindlessness** can be **described** as and why
adaptive
frees our mind to work on other things
297
Most **common error in predicting our behavior**
Planning fallacy
298
**Investigating what areas of the brain become active during altruistic behaviors** is an example in the social psychology subfield of
Social neuroscience
299
What is **affected** when we **engage in effortful self-control**?
1. Energy reserves
2. Blood sugar
300
*Amy Wrzesniewski & Barry Schwartz* on **over justification**
helping people focus on intrinsic meaning of work boost work quality and vocational & financial success
301
Tory Higgin study on "saying becomes believing"
people adjust message to listener, and believe altered message
302
Megumi thinks that everyone from the United States is arrogant, but she loves her American roommate and thinks the roommate is humble. If Megumi recognizes that these two cognitions are inconsistent, she might feel the tension of \_\_\_\_\_\_.
cognitive dissonance
303
What is the personality of those with high self-esteem?
more obnoxious, interrupt, talk to rather than with
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Sandra Murray view on love
Love helps create its presumed reality
Hopeful optimists and partner = perceive each other as engaging constructively
305
System 2
requires our conscious attention and effort.
306
Implicitly
System one, without consciously knowing or declaring that we know
307
Asia, Africa, Central & South America (collectivism ) base identity on
Identity based on social, connections with others
308
Situational attribution:
tend to adopt political positions that support people
309
Which of the following are reasons why individuals construct their social reality?
Multiple select question.
As humans we like to attribute behavior to some cause.
As humans we like to have events be predictable.
As humans we prefer complicated explanations over simple ones.
As humans we like to have order in our world.
As humans we like to attribute behavior to some cause.
As humans we like to have events be predictable.
As humans we like to have order in our world.
310
Many people most potent social indoctrination =
brainwashing
311
To change habits through persuasion =
alter peoples attitudes towards specific practices
312
Why do we do self-serving attributions and how does it negatively affect us
Why we do this? Activates brain areas associated with reward & pleasure
- : Contribute to martial discord, worker dissatisfaction, & bargaining impasses
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Automatic
impulsive, effortless, and without our awareness—System 1
314
Attribution theory: Attribute peoples behavior
to internal and external causes
People are more inclined to attribute behavior to stable personality or situations
315
Danial Kahneman & Amos Tversky on overconfidence
people tend to be overconfidence even when something is on the line. 30% of time correct answer not in range but people felt 98% confident
Asked people air distance between New Delhi & Beijing
316
What are **bias Blindspot** and some of its **consequences?**
Bias blind spot: We are **bias in seeing our own bias**
Consequences during conflicts - **we are objective, everyone else bias**
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When Collectivist (eastern) meets Individualistic (western) cultures does, self-concept become more individualized?
yes, Collectivist societies become more individualistic in short time
318
Jorge always tells people he's not religious, but he has a Christian bumper sticker on his car. If he were to feel uncomfortable due to the inconsistency between his stated attitude and his behavior, he would experience \_\_\_\_\_\_.
cognitive dissonance
319
Discovering how little you know may what
may moderate opinion
320
Collectivism countries people can be described as more what
self-critical & focus less on positive self-view
321
Mark Leary view of religion and sense of self
religious or spiritual meditation practices seek to prune the self’s egocentric preoccupations, by quieting the ego, reducing its attractions to material pleasures, and redirecting it
322
Misattribution
Mistakenly attributing behavior to the wrong source.
323
What is the most researched topic in psychology?
The sense of self
324
Implicit attitudes predict behavior for
For attitudes formed early in life (race and gender attitudes)
325
External inducements is
insufficient to justify behavior
326
Richard Nisbett and Takahiko Masuda (2003) concluded what from their studies
East Asians think more holistically—perceiving and thinking about objects and people in relationship to one another and to their environment.
327
Behavioral Confirmation
beliefs about social world can induce others to confirm those biases
328
Heuristics
simple, efficient thinking strategies. enable us to make routine decisions with minimal effort
329
Roy Baumeister view on self-control
Self’s capacity for action has limits
330
Terror management theory
humans must find a way to manage their overwhelming fear of health
331
Alfred North Whitehead: civilization advances
by extending number of operations we can perform without thinking about them
332
Inferring traits
often believe people's actions are indicated of intention and dispositions
333
What are two implications to timothy Wilson's duel attitude system
1. Psychological inquiry - self-reports are untrustworthy
2. Report doesn’t have to be true, personal testimonies are persuasive
334
Anthony Greenwald (Social psychologist) concept and view
necessary to remember events happened in a desired manner
“totalitarian ego”: revise is pasta soup present views
Under reports bad behavior, over reports good behavior
335
**Good impressions** is a way to **gain** what
social and material rewards
336
Conscious self-prevention is
Self-monitoring
337
Festinger & J.Merrill Carlsmith door knod study results
having insignificant justification for actions = would experience more discomfort -\> more motivated to believe in what they had done
338
Demonstrations of how people create false beliefs do not prove
that all beliefs are false (although to recognize falsification, it helps to know how it’s done).
339
Social psychologists have identified how behavior affects our attitudes through \_\_\_\_\_\_.
self-perception
cognitive dissonance
self-presentation
340
What is the relationship between negative outcomes and low self-esteem
No link between self-esteem & negative outcomes
341
Easy imagined, cognitively available events influence
our experiences of guilt, regret, frustration & relief
Imagining worse alternatives make us feel better
342
Selective exposure
The tendency to seek information and media that agree with one’s views and to avoid dissonant information.
343
Social neuroscience is a combination of which two perspectives?
social biology
344
How is Jonathom brown & Keith Dutton view on self-esteem different than Jenifer Crocker & Connie Wolfe
They are reverse views, Brown and Dutton think self-esteem comes first then the spefic appreciation second while Crocker and Wolfie believe specific appreciation comes first then self-esteem
345
When we act contrary to our defined attitudes, we are using ___
theory.
dissonance
346
Jennifer Crocker and Lora Park on pursing self-esteem
those who purse self-esteem, seeking to become richer lose sight of what makes them happy
347
Elanor Williams & Thomas Gilovich and the idea we think we are better than others
people really believe their self-enchanting self-assessments
348
How do people with high or low self-esteems handle threats to self-esteem
People with high self-esteem: compensate to threat
People with low self-esteem: blame themselves or give up
349
Why are behavior and expressed attitudes differ =
both subjects to other influences
350
A correlation has been found of low self-esteem in people who have been faced with \_\_\_\_\_\_.
poverty as a child
personal sexual abuse
parental drug use
351
William Ward & Herbert Jenkins study on illusory thinking
Easy to see a correlation where doesn't exist
participants confident in made-up relationship between cloud seeding in rain
352
When attitudes are weak what is similar
Attitudes weak = like someone observing us from outside
353
Joseph Forgas on moods and judgments
struck by how peoples memories and judgment change with the color of their mood
In good mood look at past as good
In bad mood look at past as bad
354
Advocates of “intuitive management” say we should
use system 1 more
355
Obvious ways values enter psychology
When choosing a research topic, types of people who what to study psychology, and as a research topic itself
356
Self-schemas
mental templates by which we organize our worlds
357
Edgar Schein strategy of brainwashing
Start small and build tactic of brainwash effective
358
In a study including 53 nations, the average self-esteem score was
above the midpoint in every country
359
Other self-handicap methods
Reduce preparation
give opponents an advantage
perform poorly at beginning
not try as hard as they could
360
Why do we make the attribution error?
ignore powerful situational determinants
361
how can the Attitudes of teachers and students be described
Attitudes of teachers and students are bidirectional
362
Schemas
mental concepts that intuitively guide our perceptions
363
Another name for the research in everyday situations is called
field research
364
To encourage behavior =
encourage intrinsic effort
365
Robert Vallone study and david dunning view on it
84% of students wrong twice as often about self predictions of future
David Dunning: others can predict our future better than ourselves
366
Representativeness may lead to
discounting other information
367
Illusory correlation -Gambling
People who believe they can predict or control situation of chances = more confident
People like control, when no control act to create a sense of predictability
368
Moods fill our
thinking: world brighter when happy, world gloomy when sad
369
Self-serving bias
tendency to perceive oneself favorably
370
Jaquon is having trouble with math class in school. Jaquon's teacher keeps telling him he is a smart boy. Eventually, Jaquon starts to improve his grades. This is an example of "saying becomes \_\_\_\_\_\_."
believing
371
Collectivism societies disapprove of
Egotism
372
Emotional reactions
instantaneous, neural shortcut takes information from thalamus to amygdala
373
What is common in marriages
people think they do more than other
49% of married men, said they did most to half of child care while, only 31% of women agreed
374
Jonathon Brown & Keith Dutton view on selft esteem
People with high self-esteem value their looks, abilities
375
who is more likely to make attribution error
Intellectual is more likely to make attribution error
Those with Social power Control conversations leading underlings to overestimate their knowledge and intelligence
376
Our self-concept makes use of our ability to know \_\_\_\_\_\_.
who we are
our gender behaviors
our previous experiences
377
Edward Diener & Mark Wallbom study showed
mirrors make people self aware which make us more likely to follow moral code
378
Western cultures (individualisms) believe what makes life enriching
If you believe in power of personal control
379
What does perspective is reality mean
there is an objective reality but we always view it through the lens of our beliefs and values
380
Among sibling relationships, the threat to self-esteem is greatest for an
older child with a highly capable younger brother or sister
381
Richard Nisbett & Lee Ross theory
lab procedures overestimate our intuitive powers
382
3 theories of why our behavior affects our attitudes
1. Self-presentation: impression management
2. Self-justification: cognitive dissonance
3. Self-perception
383
Timothy Wilson system is called
Duel attitude system: our automatic (implicit) attitude regards things different than our conscious (explicit) attitude
Implict change slower than explicit
384
Which of the examples below would be affected by social influences?
The release of serotonin in the brain causing happiness or sadness
Beliefs about whether same-sex relationships are acceptable
Physiological reactions to fear (fight versus flight)
Attraction to small versus large body size in potential mates
Beliefs about whether same-sex relationships are acceptable
Attraction to small versus large body size in potential mates
385
According to research, differences such as preferred body size in mates, definitions of social justice, and whether you are expressive or reserved are based primarily on \_\_\_\_\_\_.
Culture
386
predictors of healthy behavior, living longer, and good performance at work
Self control is
387
Framing pros and cons
Framing research can persuade people towards beneficial decisions and also help marketers sell products - Burger is 70% lean 30% fat
388
self-perception theory
The theory that when we are unsure of our attitudes, we infer them much as would someone observing us—by looking at our behavior and the circumstances under which it occurs.
389
The civil rights movement of the 1960s is an example of the change brought about by ______ movements.
social
390
Allan Wicker view on behavior and attitudes
peoples expressed attitudes didn't predict varying behaviors
391
Jennifer Crocker & Connie Wolfe view on self-esteem
we feel gapped about the domains (looks, smarts) important to our self-esteem
392
How do we view the social world
through our beliefs, attitude, & values
393
"Yeah, I know he was assigned that position for the debate, but, you know, I think he really believes it." This type of thinking illustrates
the fundamental attribution error.
394
People often construct their social world to explain behavior and make it seem \_\_\_, ____ & \_\_\_\_
Orderly, predictable, controllable
395
Individualism-collectivism varies how
varies across political views and regions
Political views
```
Conservatives = economic individualists + Moral collectivists
Liberals = economic collectivists + Moral individualists
```
Regions
Native Hawaiians and deep south = collectivistic
West states = collectivistic
Rich white males more individualistic
396
how can you improve your self-predictions?
Be more realistic on how long it took in the past or estimate how long each step will take
397
Studies of “ affective forecasting “ showed
people have greatest difficulty predicting the intensity & duration of future emotions
398
Social interaction
looking good, well not too good - especially in collectivist culture
399
Over justification effect occurs -
when given unnecessary reward beforehand an obvious effort to control behavior
400
Sara spends many dollars annually on clothes, cosmetics, and her hair to make a good impression on others. Sara's actions provide an example of self-\_\_\_\_\_\_.
presentation
401
Historically, sometimes soldiers must complete actions they think are unethical. If they rationalize and adjust their attitudes to fit their actions, and both the actions and attitudes continue to influence each other, this could eventually lead to \_\_\_\_\_\_.
moral numbness
402
John Bargh on Priming experiments
Priming experiments = applied to every day life
403
the correlation between predicted feelings and actual feelings was what
.28
404
What did Kenneth Savitsky and Thomas Gilovich test and prove
Illusion of transparency
(68%) believed that they appeared more nervous than did their partner.
those informed about the illusion-of-transparency phenomenon felt better about their speeches and their appearance than did those in the control and reassurance conditions
405
What is the “medial prefrontal cortex,” and what does it do
a neuron path located in the cleft between your brain hemispheres just behind your eyes, seemingly helps stitch together your sense of self.
406
Available heuristics make us sensitive to
unfairness, struggles more memorable than advantages
407
People's behaviors and attitudes depend greatly on what
Their social realities, our cultures help define our situation
408
Experience has taught us that when everything is going great, something will go wrong, and that when life is dealing us terrible blows, we can usually look forward to better things. This is most likely due to
regression toward the average.
409
Why we study attribution errors
1. Purpose is to reveal how we think about ourselves and others
2. Illusory thinking is byproduct of mines strategy for simplifying complex information
3. Humanitarianism = people should not always be blamed for their problems (Thomas Gilovich & Richard Eibach)
4. We are mostly unaware of them and can benefit from greater awareness
410
Six examples of how the interplay between our sense of self and our social worlds
Spotlight effect
Illusion of transparency
Social surroundings affect our self-awareness
Self-interest colors our social judgement
Self-concern motivates our social behavior
Social relationships help define our sense of self
411
Behavioral Confirmation
beliefs about social world can induce others to confirm those biases
412
Psychological research on constructing memories
humans reconstruct past by using current emotions and expectations to combine information fragments
413
Joachim Krüger & David Funder view and how it relates to lee jussim
social psychology's preoccupation with human foibles knees balanced with a more positive view of human nature
Lee Jussim: peoples perception of one another are surprisingly accurate
414
Kruglanski & Gigerenzer describe our thinking as
intuitive and deliberate
415
The powers of intuition
We know more than we think
Thinking = Automatic + controlled
Auto: offscreen
416
Rosy Retrospection
they recall mildly pleasant events more favorably than they experienced them
417
What is an example of dissonance after decision
Desirable features of what you rejected and undesirable features of what you've chosen
418
Regression Toward the Average
The statistical tendency for extreme scores or extreme behavior to return toward their average.
419
Unanticipated rewards =
doesn’t diminish intrinsic interest
420
What is “seeing everyone else’s highlight reels”
A reseach phenenomon that showed social media user socially compared themselves to others on the site were more likely to be depressed
421
Behavioral sciences assume
modes of thought and behavior are adaptive
422
Sondra is very shy and she hates giving speeches in class. This is an example of Sondra's behavior being influenced by \_\_\_\_\_\_.
personality
attitudes
culture
situational forces
personality
423
How do politicians benefit from question-wording
Ording, response, and wording affects enable political manipulators to use surveys to show public support for their views
424
How does language and ads change from Korean to us students
US students view: used as self expression
Ads: unique and special as possible
Korean students view: allows communication
Shared traditions and practices
425
Realtionship between influence and preferences
Bi directional relationship between influence and preferences
426
what leads to self-persuasion after acting contrary to one’s attitude
Dissonance = uncomfortably arousing
427
Social influence
The way a person's **behavior** can be **affected by the presence of others**
428
one Self-presentation strategy =
Humblebrag (normally unsuccessful )
429
Social psychology’s most important lesson concerns
the influence of our social environment.
430
Due to \_\_\_\_\_\_, people become more likely to rate someone more warmly and behave more generously after holding a warm drink.
embodied cognition
431
Is self-serving bias universal, or are people in collectivistic cultures immune?
Collectivistic cultures associate themselves with positive words
Likely to self enhance by believing they are better than others in individualistic domains
432
Methods of sociologists research
correlational - Asking whether two or more factors are naturally associated versus experimental - Manipulating some factors to see its affect on others
433
Role
A set of norms that defines how people in a given social position ought to behave.
434
Psychologist William James and self-perception
infer our emotions by observing our bodies and behavior
435
How do most people see themselves, how does this compare to people who do violet crimes
Most people see themselves as better than average
Even men convicted of violet crimes saw themselves better than most
436
Self-serving bias stronger for traits that are more what what makes these qualities unique
Self-serving bias stronger for traits that are more subjective or difficult to measure
Subjective qualities - give more leeway in constructing our own definition of success
437
Jack Croxton study on
miss information effect affects our recall of social as well as physical events
Students informed person they talk to like them recalled person’s behavior as positive while those who heard person dislike them recalled person as negative
438
Mrs. Anderson teaches her first-grade students the national anthem. This practice of publicly promoting patriotism in individual schoolchildren is an example of the power of \_\_\_\_\_\_.
a social movement
439
What do daniel gilbert and timothy wilson explain why we over predict how long it will take to get over a negative event
Impact bias, and Neglect speed & power of coping mechanisms
440
Fundamental Attribution Error theory
The tendency for observers to underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences upon others’ behavior.
441
Snap judgments
Chance at guessing (first impression)
442
Social psychologist and the limits of intuition
error-prone hindsight and capacity for illusion
443
Spotlight effect
Thinking others are paying more attention to us than they really are
444
Self control exertion -\> leads to
self control failure (especially in Western societies
445
When emotionally aroused more likely to
make system one snap decisions using stereotypes - overall happy or sad
446
two of social psychology criticisms
1. Trivial because it documents the obvious
2. dangerous because its findings could manipulate people
447
James Uleman view on spontaneous trait inference
1/10 of a second exposure to someone's face led to the spontaneous inference of personality traits
448
Social judgment recipe
Social judgment = efficient information processing + feelings
449
Languages promote what external attributions
Languages promotes external attributions
Spanish = instead of I was late, the clock caused me to be late
450
Google Books Ngram viewer showed
increasing individualism in english and 8 other languages
451
Psychological Association ethical standards
1. Tell participants enough to get informed consent
2. Don't use deception to get consent
3. Protect participants from harm or discomfort
4. Confidentiality
5. Debrief participants afterward with deception used as well
452
Social interactions
The positive and negative aspects of people relating to others
453
Self-perception theory suggests we infer our emotions by observing our bodies and our
behavior
454
Optimism
positive approach to life
455
Much of our social information processing is
who thought this
automatic
John Bargh & Tanya Chartrand
456
Dexter is studying teens at the mall. Dexter is conducting \_\_\_\_\_\_.
field research ()
457
Unnoticed events can suddenly what
prime are thinking and behavior
458
When everyone in a population under investigation has an equal chance of being included in the survey, it is called a
Random sample
459
Self-fulfilling prophecy
beliefs that lead to their own fulfillment
460
What are the two major advantages of experimental research over correlational studies?
Random assignment is possible.
Causal relationships can be inferred.
461
Trying hard doesn't
eliminate thinking biases
462
External cause / situational attribution
something about the situation
463
According to the principle of aggregation, Jane's strong sense of religious belief and spirituality indicate that she would \_\_\_\_\_\_.
never miss a weekly worship
464
Why do things take short to get over than we think
your general happiness sometime after an event would be influenced by “two things: (a) the event, and (b) everything else
465
Attribution theory
analyzes how we explain people’s behavior and what we infer from it
466
What are 3 reasons for self-serving bias
1. We are more likely to pay attention what we are doing than others
2. Motivated to verify our self conceptions
3. Motivated in raising our self image
467
Academic self -comcept is what. What did praise or word of encouragement do to affect grades
whether you think you are good in school students whose self-esteem was boosted did by far the worst on the final
468
Joseph Walther on social media
social media = impression management on steroids
469
Intuitions on what influence and what we feel & do are wrong or right
wrong
470
What matters more in an individualistic society
Me—personal achievement and fulfillment; my rights and liberties
471
How do our social beliefs matter?
Influence how we feel and act, which helps generate their own reality
472
Deanna Caputo & David Dunning on overconfidence
confirmed our ignorance of our ignorance sustains our self-confidence
Tends to occur more on easy tasks, Poor performers appreciate lack of skill on difficult task
473
Spontaneous trait inference
An effortless, automatic inference of a trait after exposure to someone’s behavior.
474
How do **narcissists** personalities **change**
Outgoing and **charming** at first -\> long term **relationship problems**
475
People with **high self-efficacy**
1. more persistent
2. less anxious
3. less depressed
4. live healthier lives
5. more academically successful
476
Independent self
Construing one’s identity as an autonomous self.
477
Amygdala
treat detection center of brain
478
In a 2006–2008 worldwide poll (Deaton, 2009), most people expected their lives to
improve more in the next five years than it had in the past five years.
479
What does our **sense of self-control** do
1. **organizes** our **thoughts**, **feelings** , and **actions**
2. enables us to **remember** our **past**
3. **assess** our **present**
4. **project** our **future**
480
*Swann & Read* describe **Self-verification** like
a **domineering** person at a **party**
481
Self-Handicapping
Sometimes people sabotage their chances for success by creating impediments that make success less likely
482
Realistic **self-confidence** is
**adaptive**
**don’t undermine** one’s reasonable self-confidence
483
What is the " Dark Triad " and who made it
Delroy Paulhus & Kevin Williams: “ The Dark Triad “ of negative traits
Narcissism
Machiavellianism
Antisocial psychopathy
484
According to Wicker (1969) people's expressed attitudes hardly predicted their
behavior
485
For strategic reasons we express attitudes that make us appear consistent. This is a description of self- ___
, also known as impression management.
presentation
486
System remembering:
System 1: remember implicitly
Most in people with Brian damage who can’t form explicit memories
System 2: facts, names, past experiences
487
Self-perception theory = people explain behavior by noting the conditions they occur under
Rewarding people for doing things they already want to do = attribute action to reward - over justification effect
488
Rosenthal & Lenore Jacobson theory and what it is
“Teacher-expectation effect”
Teachers that were told certain students were on verge of dramatic intellectual spurt did
Suggested = schools problems of disadvantage students might reflect teachers low expectations
489
Availability Heuristics
the more easily we recall something, the more likely it seems
490
Illusion of transparency
We believe our emotions are more obvious than they really are
491
Selective exposure to agreeable information does what
minimizes dissonance
492
*Jeff Greenberg* view on **self-esteem**
**Terror management theory**
we must **continually pursue self-esteem** by **meeting the standards of** our **societies**
493
*Neil Weinstein* view on **optimism**
humans have **unrealistic optimism** about **future life events**
494
**Availability heuristics** may led to:
**overwhelming vivid instances** and thus **fearing the wrong things**
Because media makes LGBTQ plus cognitively available = US adults estimate 20% of Americans are LGBTQ plus (really 4.1%)
495
Geoffrey Munro on presidential debates
people on both sides become more supportive of respective candidates after viewing presidential debate
496
What do we use to make **social judgments**
1. Observation
2. Expectation
3. Reason
4. Passion.
497
What did *Richard Nisbett* think
**Collectivism** results in **different ways of thinking**
(Book: The geography of thought)
498
Daniel Batson (2006) quote,
“The head is an extension of the heart.”
499
**Attitudes** that best **predict behavior** =
1. easily brought to mind
2. stable
500
Over-justification effect
being **rewarded** for doing something **actually diminishes intrinsic motivation** to perform that action
501
Are cultures growing more individualistic or collectilitic
individualistic over time
502
When facing competition, we often protect our shaky self-concept by
perceiving our competitors as advantaged.
503
Who did the Stanford prison experiment and what were the results
Philip Zimbardo: Stanford prison experiment
Results: confusion between reality and illusion, between role-playing and self identity
504
**Fundamental attribution error** is fundamental because
it **colors are explanations** in basic and important ways
Attributions **predict attitudes towards the poor and the unemployed**
505
Counterfactual thinking
their mentally simulating what might have been
506
*Edward Jones & Victor Harris* and **fundamental attribution error**
people **know** they are **causing someone else's behavior** but still **underestimate external influences**
507
Positive behavior fosters
liking for the person
508
Are most of our **behavior controlled**, what is controlled?
**No** automatic
Controlled:
1. long-term planning
2. goal setting
3. restraint
4. alternatives
5. compares itself with others
6. manages its reputation and relationships
