bookmark Flashcards
Prejudice
A preconceived negative judgment of a group and its individual members.
Stereotypes
A belief about the personal attributes of a group of people. Stereotypes are sometimes overgeneralized, inaccurate, and resistant to new information (and sometimes accurate).
Racism
(1) An individual’s prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behavior toward people of a given race
(2) institutional practices (even if not motivated by prejudice) that subordinate people of a given race.
Sexism
(1) An individual’s prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behavior toward people of a given sex
(2) institutional practices (even if not motivated by prejudice) that subordinate people of a given sex.
Discrimination
Unjustified negative behavior toward a group or its members.
ABCs of attitudes:
- A - Affect (feelings)
- B - Behavior tendency (inclination to act)
- C - Cognition (beliefs)
What is infrahumanization?
the process of attributing non-human qualities to outgroups
Social dominance orientation
A motivation to have one’s group dominate other social groups.
Ethnocentric
Believing in the superiority of one’s own ethnic and cultural group, and having a corresponding disdain for all other groups.
Authoritarian personality
A personality that is disposed to favor obedience to authority and intolerance of outgroups and those lower in status.
Unequal status breeds
prejudice
Group conflict theory
The theory that prejudice arises from competition between groups for scarce resources.
Social identity
The “we” aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to “Who am I?” that comes from our group memberships.
In-group Bias
The tendency to favor one’s own group.
Out-group homogeneity effect
Perception of outgroup members as more similar to one another than are ingroup members. Thus “they are alike; we are diverse.”
Own-age bias
the tendency for both children and adults to more accurately identify faces from their own age group
Fundamental attribution error
we attribute others behavior so much to their inner dispositions that we discount important situational forces
Group-serving bias
Explaining away outgroup members’ positive behaviors; also attributing negative behaviors to their dispositions (while excusing such behavior by one’s own group).
Just-world Phenomenon
The tendency of people to believe that the world is just and that people, therefore, get what they deserve and deserve what they get.
Sub-typing
Accommodating individuals who deviate from one’s stereotype by thinking of them as “exceptions to the rule.”
Stereotype threat
A disruptive concern, when facing a negative stereotype, that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype. Unlike self-fulfilling prophecies that hammer one’s reputation into one’s self-concept, stereotype threat situations have immediate effects.
Stereotype threat
A disruptive concern, when facing a negative stereotype, that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype. Unlike self-fulfilling prophecies that hammer one’s reputation into one’s self-concept, stereotype threat situations have immediate effects.
Aggression
Physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone. In laboratory experiments, this might mean delivering electric shocks or saying something likely to hurt another’s feelings.
Social Aggression
Hurting someone else’s feelings or threatening their relationships. Sometimes called relational aggression, it includes cyberbullying and some forms of in-person bullying.
Hostile Aggression
Aggression that springs from anger; its goal is to injure.
Instinctive
An innate, unlearned behavior pattern is exhibited by all members of a species.
Instrumental Aggression
Aggression that aims to injure, but only as a means to some other end.
“Selfish gene” theory
evolutionary psychologist theory of the relationship between genetic relatedness and aggression. This explains why men are more likely to harm stepchildren than genetic children
Frustration-aggression theory
The theory is that frustration triggers a readiness to aggress.
Frustration
The blocking of goal-directed behavior.
Displacement
The redirection of aggression to a target other than the source of the frustration. Generally, the new target is a safer or more socially acceptable target.
