Chapter 1, 4, & 5 Quiz

Question 1

An example of a symptom is noting a heart rate of 82 beats/minute.

True or False?

Explain the difference between Symptom and Sign

Answer 1

False!

SYMPTOM (Sx) is a subjective complaint; reported by SELF
(ex. Lesions are itchy, throat is sore, shoulder hurts, hard to breath)

SIGN is objective/measurable observation/manifestation; observable by OTHERS (may require ‘tool’)
(ex. bottle cap or 3 mm lesion, 102.4 degrees F temp, 80% Oxygen saturation)

Question 2

A “subacute disease” refers to one that is more severe than an “acute disease.”

True or False?

If false explain subacute.

Answer 2

False!

Subacute means LESS severe as “acute” and not as prolonged as “chronic”

Question 3

When referring to the SENSITIVITY of a diagnostic test, we are talking about what proportion of people with the disease actually test positive for that disease.

True or False?

Define Sensitivity and Specificity.

Answer 3

True

SENSITIVITY refers to the proportion of people with a disease who are positive for the dz on a given test or observation (called a TRUE-POSITIVE).
-So, if a very sensitive test produces a negative result than the person does not have the dz and the dz can be ruled out as

SPECIFICITY refers to the proportion of people without the dz who are negative on a given test or observation (called a TRUE-NEGATIVE).

• It can only be calculated from people who do not have the dz.
• So, a test that is 95% specific correctly identifies 95/100 normal people

Question 4

Lipofuscin is an example of a digestive enzyme in a lysosome.

True or False?

If false what is Lipofuscin.

Answer 4

False

Lipofuscin is an example of a residual body which could not be digested by the lysosomes, and thus sticks around for the life of the cell—seen in long-lived cells such as neurons and cardiac muscle cells.

Question 5

Ubiquitin proteins attach to malformed or misfolded proteins to target them for destruction.

True or false?

If false what is ubiquitin proteins.

Answer 5

True

Ubiquitin proteins mark bad proteins to be processed by proteasome. Proteasomes are a quality control protein that destroys misfolded/malformed proteins.

Question 6

The DNA in mitochondria is inherited from the father.

True or false?

If false than who is it inherited from.

Answer 6

False

Mitochondria (including their DNA) are inherited from the mother.

Question 7

Steroid hormones interact with G-protein linked receptors.

True or false?

If false what what receptors to steroid hormones bind to.

Answer 7

False

As steroids are hydrophobic (like cell membranes), they cross cell membranes and bind to INTRACELLULAR receptors. They then change rates of transcription and translation, so they affect gene regulation

Question 8

Dysplasia is when an adult cell type is replaced by a different adult cell type.

True or false?

If false then which type of plasia would it be.

Answer 8

False

This is Metaplasia - replacing one cell type w/ another in the same tissue family. Note: as you would see in Barrett Esophagus or in the metaplastic squamous epithelial lining of bronchi in smoker

Question 9

Reactive oxygen species are chemicals that help neutralize free radicals.

True or false?

If false what chemical helps.

Answer 9

False

Antioxidants do this; the ROS are the problem… Examples of ROS: peroxide, hypochlorite ion, superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical

Question 10

Hypoxia is the most common cause of cellular injury.

True or false?

If false what is the most common.

Answer 10

True

Question 11

In wet gangrene, the necrotic body parts shrink and cause the skin to wrinkle.

True or false?

If false then what type of gangrene.

Answer 11

False

This is DRY grangrene’s description

Question 12

Major sources of discomfort for the individual with benign prostatic hyperplasia include urinary retention and nocturia.

True or false?

If false then what sources.

Answer 12

True

Question 13

____ is the number of NEW cases occurring in a population during a specified period of time.

Answer 13

___Incidence_ is the number of NEW cases occurring in a population during a specified period of time.

Question 14

The term that describes a dz “arising from an unknown cause” is______

Answer 14

The term that describes a dz “arising from an unknown cause” is___idiopathic___

Question 15

An infection that is acquired in the hospital setting is referred to as a______ infection.

Answer 15

An infection that is acquired in the hospital setting is referred to as a___nosocomial__ infection.

Question 16

You are in charge of a large program on a Native American reservation to prevent, identify, and treat diabetes.
Which of the following would be an example of secondary prevention?

1. Teaching school children how a nutritious, traditional diet can lessen their chances of developing type 2 diabetes
2. Regularly scheduled wound dressing changes for patients who have foot ulcers secondary to peripheral neuropathy and impaired wound healing
3. Staffing a booth at a baseball tournament where community residents can have their blood glucose levels checked
4. Providing oral antihyperglycemic medications to patients who have a diagnosis of diabetes

Answer 16

3. Staffing a booth at a baseball tournament where community residents can have their blood glucose levels checked

Question 17

______ is the term for an abnormal deposition of calcium salts in normal tissues that is caused by hypercalcemia (e.g. due to increased PTH).

Answer 17

___Metastatic calcification___ is the term for an abnormal deposition of calcium salts in normal tissues that is caused by hypercalcemia (e.g. due to increased PTH).

Question 18

______ is the term for the purple discoloration of tissues when gravity forces blood to settle in the “bottom” tissues of a dead body.

Answer 18

___Livor mortis___is the term for the purple discoloration of tissues when gravity forces blood to settle in the “bottom” tissues of a dead body.

Question 19

A disease that is not currently clinically evident but WILL progress is in the subclinical phase.

True or false?

If false then which phase.

Answer 19

False

This is the definition of a preclinical phase.

Question 20

Which of the following classes of medications might be prescribed to treat BPH symptoms? (
Note: there may be more than one correct response to this question.)

1. TNFa or IL-1 antibodies
2. a-1 adrenergic receptor blockers
3. 5a-reductase inhibitors
4. receptor tyrosine kinase blockers

Answer 20

2. a-1 adrenergic receptor blockers

3. 5a-reductase inhibitors