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Research > Chapter 1-4 > Flashcards

Chapter 1-4 Flashcards

0
Q

Mixed Methods

A

The use of both qualitative and quatitative methods in a research study

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1
Q

Measurement Validity

A

Exists when a measue measures what we think it measures

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2
Q

Overgeneralization

A

Occurs when we unjustifiably conclude that what is true for some cases is true for all cases.

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3
Q

Deductive Research

A

The type of research in which a specific expectation is deduced from a general premise and is then tested.

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4
Q

Dependent Variable

A

A variable that is hypothesized to vary depending on or under the influence of another variable

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5
Q

Direction of association

A

A patter in a relationship between two variables; the values of one variable tend to change consistently in relation to change in the value of the second variable.

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6
Q

Empirical Generalization

A

A statement that describes patterns found in Data

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7
Q

Feminist Research

A

Rese

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8
Q

Hypthosesis

A

A tentative statement about empirical reality involving a relationship between two or more variables.

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9
Q

Independent Variable

A

A variable that is hypothesized to cause, or lead to, a variation in another variable.

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10
Q

Inductive research

A

The Type of research in which general conclusions are drawn from specific data; compare with deductive research

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11
Q

Interpretivism

A

Methodology based on the belief that reality is socially constructed and that the goal of social scientists is to understand the meanings people give to reality.

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12
Q

Intersubjective agreement

A

Agreement between scientists about the nature of reality.

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13
Q

Positivist

A

The Philosophical view that an external objective reality exists apart from human perceptions of it

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14
Q

Postpositivism

A

A philosophical view that modifies the positivist premise of an external reality by recognizing its complexisty, the limiitations of human observers, and therefore, the impossibility of devloping more than a partial understanding of reality.

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15
Q

Research Circle

A

A diagram of the elements of the research process including theories, hypotheses data collection and data analysis.

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16
Q

Systematic reviews

A

Summary review about the impact of an intervention in which the analyst tries to account for differences in design and participant characteristics, often using statistical techniques such as meta-analysis

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17
Q

Theory

A

A logically interrelated set of propsitions about reality.

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18
Q

Variable

A

Characterists or properties that can take on different values or attributes.

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19
Q

Adherence to authority

A

Unquestionaning acceptance of statemments by authority figures such as parents, teachers and professionals.

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20
Q

Causal Validity

A

Exists when a conclusion that A leads to or resilts in B is correct. Also called internal validity.

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21
Q

Cross-Population generalizability

A

Exists when findings about one group, population or setting holds true for other groups, populations, or settings. Also called external validity.

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22
Q

Descriptive research

A

Research in which social phenomena are defined and described.

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23
Q

Evaluation Research

A

Research that describes or identifies the impact of social programs and policies.

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24
Q

Explanatory research

A

Seeks to identify causes and effects of social phenomena and to predict how one phenomenon will change or vary in response to variation in some other phenomenon.

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25
Q

Expoloratory Research

A

Seeks to find out how people get along in the setting under question, what meaning they give to their actions and what issues concern them.

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26
Q

Exists when findings about one group, population or setting hold true for other groups, populations, or settings. Also called cross-population generalizabilty.

A

External validity

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27
Q

Generalizability

A

Exists when a conclusionholds true for the population, group, setting or event.

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28
Q

Illogical reasoning

A

Occurs when we prematurely jump to conclusions or argue on the basis of invalid assumptions

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29
Q

Inaccurate observation

A

Observations based on faulty perceptions of empirical reality.

30
Q

Incomplete observation

A

Observations that only reflect a small part of emrilcal reality.

31
Q

Internal Validity

A

A criterion Necessary to demonstrate causality; it is the ability to rule out all the other explanations for the findings.

32
Q

Practice evaluation

A

Monitoring Client Outcomes during the course of an intervention

33
Q

Program Evaluation

A

Research that describes or identifies the impact of social programs and policeies

34
Q

Qualitative methods

A

Methods such as participant observation, intensive interviewing and focus groups that are designed to capture social life as participants experience it, rather than in categories predetermined by the researcher. These methods typically involve exploratory research quesiton, inductive reasoning and orientation to social context, human objectivity and meanings attached by participants to events.

35
Q

Quantitative Methods

A

Methods such as surveys and experiments that record variation in social life in terms of categories that vary in amount. Data that are treated as quantitative are either numbers or attributes that can be ordered in terms of magnitute.

36
Q

resistance to change

A

the reluctance to change our ideas in light of new information.

37
Q

Sample generalizablity

A

Exists when a conclusion based on a sample , or subset, of a larger population of a lar holds true for that population.

38
Q

Selective Observation

A

Choosing to look only at things that are in line with our preferences or belefs.

39
Q

Validity

A

The state that exists when conclusions or statements about empirical reality are correct.

40
Q

Campbell Collaboration

A

Group Producing systematic reviews of interventsions in education, criminal justice, social welfare, and research methods.

42
Q

Constructivist

A

Methodology based on rejection of belief in an external reality it emphasizes the importance of exploring the way in which different stakeholders in a social setting construct their belief.

43
Q

The Belmont Report

A

The 1979 report of the commission for the protection of human subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research

44
Q

Beneficence

A

Ethical principle to minimize possible harms and maximize benefits

45
Q

Certificate of confidentiality

A

The National Institutes of Health can issue this to protect researchers from having to disclose confidential information

46
Q

Debriefing

A

A researchers informing subjects after an experiment about the experiment’s purposes and methods and evaluating subjects personal reactions to the experiment.

47
Q

Exempt Status

A

IRB review for research studies that involve minimal human subject involvement.

48
Q

Expedited reveiew

A

IRB review that are done for new or continuing studies that present minimal risk of harm to the participant.

49
Q

Justice

A

Ethical principle that benefits and risks of research should be fairly distributed.

50
Q

Respect for Persons

A

Ethical principle that people be treated as autonomous agents and protecting those with diminished autonomy.

51
Q

Alternate-forms Reliability

A

A procedure for testing the reliability of responses to survey questions in which subjects answers are compared after the subjects have been asked slightly different versions of the questions or when rondomly selected halves of the sample have been administered slightly different versions of the questions.

52
Q

Concept

A

A mental image that summarizes a set of similar observations, feelings or ideas.

53
Q

Conceptualization

A

The process of specifying what we mean by a term. In deductive research, conceptualization helps to translate portions of an abstract theory into specific variables that can be used to test hypotheses. In inductive research, conceptualization is part of the process to make sense of related observations.

54
Q

Concurrent Validity

A

The type of validity that exists when scores on a measure are closely related to scores on a criterion measured at the same time.

55
Q

Constant

A

A number that has a fixed value in a given situation; a characteristic or value that does not change.

56
Q

Construct Validity

A

The type of validity that is established by showing that a measure is related to other measures as specified in a theory.

57
Q

Content validity

A

Validity that exists when the full range of a concept’s meaning is covered by the measure.

58
Q

Continuos Variable

A

A variable for which the number represents a quantity that can be described in terms of order, spread between the tnumbers, and/or relative amounts.

59
Q

Criterion Validity

A

Validity established by comparing the scores obtained on the measure being validated to scores obtained with a more direct or already validated measure of the same phenomenon (the criterion).

60
Q

Cronbach’s alpha coefficient

A

A statistic commonly used to measure interitem reliability

61
Q

Cut-off-Score

A

A score used in a sccale to distinguish between respondents with a particular status and respondents who don’t have that status.

62
Q

Direct Measure

A

A visual or recorded observation or a physical measure of some phenomenon or activity

63
Q

Discrete variable

A

A type of variable for which the number assigned to each category is arbitrary. The variable categories do not represent an order.

64
Q

Discriminant Validity

A

An approach to construct validity; the scores on the measure to be validated are compared to scores on another measure of the same variable and to scores on variables that measure different but related concepts. Discriminant validity is achieved if the measure to be validated is related most strongly to its comparison measure and less so to the measure of other concepts.

65
Q

Exhaustive

A

Every case can be classified as having at least one attribute (or one value) for the variable.

66
Q

Face Validity

A

validity that exists when an inspection of items used to measure a concept suggests that they are appropriate on their face.

67
Q

Factoral Validity

A

A form of construct validity used to determine if the scale items relate correctly to different dimensions of the concept.

68
Q

False Negative

A

The participant doesnt have a particular problem according to a screening instrument but the participant really does have the problem based on a clinical evaluation.

69
Q

False positive

A

A respondent has a particual problem according to a screening instrument but in reality doesnt have the problem based on a clinical evaluation.

70
Q

Internal Consistency

A

An approach to reliability based on the correlation among multiple items said to mesasure a single concept.

71
Q

Interrater Reliabilty

A

The degree of agreement when similar measurements are obtained by different observers rating the same people, events, or places.

72
Q

Interval Level of Measurement

A

A measurement of a variable in which the numbers indicating a variable’s values represent fixed measurement units but have no absolute, or fixed zero point.

73
Q

Intrarater reliability

47

A

Consistency of ratings by an observer of an unchanging phenomenon at two or more points in time.

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