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Sociology 303 > Chapter 1 - 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - 4 Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is replacement theory? (In regards to Matt Walsh?)

A

He believes that if more immigrants come into America, they will replace all white people

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2
Q

What is interplanetary theory?

A

The idea that men and women so different that they might as well come from other planets

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3
Q

What are the schools of thought?

A

Biological determinism and Differential socialization

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4
Q

What is biological determinism?

A

The idea that men and women have different hormones, reproductive systems and brain chemistries

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5
Q

What is differential socialization?

A

Men and women aren’t necessarily born different, rather they are socialized differently

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6
Q

What did Kimmel and Holler believe regarding the differences between men and women?

A

Men and women are more alike, while women and women were vastly differed – the same went for men and men

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7
Q

What is the difference between sex and gender?

A

Sex refers to physical differences, while gender is an ascribed status to sex bodies

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8
Q

Why do gender traditionalists project their views onto others?

A

The are scared of seeing things that deviate from the norm

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9
Q

Is there any proof that homosexuality is biological?

A

No

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10
Q

What did Kimmel and Holler believe about both school of thought?

A

They believed that both schools of thought were inaccurate of incomplete

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11
Q

What is social constructionism?

A

Because of the way we view things, our views are often skewed – either made up or socially constructed

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12
Q

How can projection influence the results of our tests?

A

We see things that aren’t actually true or valid based on our own interpretations of the subject

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13
Q

Which sex has gender?

A

Both males and females have gender

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14
Q

What did E. O Wilson believe?

A

He believed that genes held culture on a leash

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15
Q

What did Theologians believe the difference between men and women were?

A

That they had difference essences or souls

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16
Q

Why was Darwin’s book controversial?

A

Because rather than humans being graced by god, they came about as a result of evolution

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17
Q

What argument did Darwin make about the difference between men and women?

A

Men and women are only different through their mental dispositions

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18
Q

What is social Darwinism? Who created it?

A

Scientific racism created by Spencer to pervert Darwin’s work

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19
Q

What was Spencer also credited with?

A

The field of eugenics

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20
Q

What did Kimmel and Holler believe was the difference between Darwin and social Darwinism?

A

Darwin explained changes over a millennia while social Darwinism merely explained differences over generations

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21
Q

How do scientists study gender differences?

A

From a biological perspective

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22
Q

Is there a link between the Y chromosome and aggression?

A

No

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23
Q

Does testosterone vary among men and women?

A

Yes

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24
Q

Is there a link between chromosomes and hormones in relation to behavior?

A

No – its difficult to determine

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25
Q

Is there a difference between gay brains and heterosexual brains?

A

There were no valid results showing that heterosexual and homosexual brains were different

26
Q

What did Freud believe was the difference between men and women?

A

They had different personalities

27
Q

What are the three parts of Freud’s psychoanalytical theory?

A

The id, the ego, and the super ego

28
Q

What are the five stages of Freud’s psychosexual development?

A

The oral, anal, phallic, latent, and genital

29
Q

What stage is sexual orientation and gender developed? Where is it refined?

A

Developed in the phallic stage, refined in the genital stage

30
Q

Is gender and sexual orientation formed at the same time?

A

Yes – they both form in the phallic stage, according to Freud

31
Q

What are the three points Kimmel and Holler raised about Freud’s work?

A

He separated gender and sexuality from biology, and linked gender identity to sexual orientation, restated that gender stereotypes were successful adaptations of ego

32
Q

What are some criticisms regarding Freud?

A

Based on his theories on upper-middle class women from Vienna, interpreted their dreams while high on cocaine, used slips of the tongue as solid evidence

33
Q

What are the two roles Parson theorized?

A

Instrumental roles and expressive roles

34
Q

What did Parsons believed about society?

A

That society generated roles to ensure that society continues onwards

35
Q

What did Ben believe? (Gender Schema Theory)

A

He believed that gender identity was learned and that everyone is born gender neutral

36
Q

What are some criticisms regarding gender role theory?

A

That its monolithic for both girls and boys, and that it obscures power

37
Q

How did feminism play a role in sex-role theory?

A

They contested many findings

38
Q

What did Mead believe about sex differences?

A

That they were learned

39
Q

What did functionalists believe? (When it came to the topic of division of labour.)

A

All societies are divided by gender

40
Q

What did Functionalists believe about sex-based division of labour?

A

That it was both functional and natural

41
Q

What does the term Familia refer to?

A

How many family members and slaves a man owned

42
Q

What did Engles believe about capitalism?

A

“The world historical defeat of the female sex”

43
Q

How do humans cope with the unknown?

A

Through the use of religion

44
Q

Why can’t we decipher behavior using biological and psychological models?

A

That are both inadequate

45
Q

Who were the two studies which were similar to each other?

A

The Arapesh and the Mundugamor

46
Q

How did primitive societies encourage warfare?

A

By rewarding male soldiers with women

47
Q

What is decent theory?

A

The fixed nature of a mother-child bond, the bond between males and the next generation

48
Q

What is alliance theory?

A

That men bond by turning women into sex objects

49
Q

How is Female Genital Mutilation ‘justified?’

A

Done for “cleanliness’, preventing promiscuity, and feminine appearance

50
Q

How is male circumcision different from FGM?

A

FMG is invasive and can permanently damage female reproductive organs

51
Q

What is parental investment theory?

A

Tend to be picky when choosing mates as they have to invest more time into offspring

52
Q

What was the result of the research Buss did on 10,000 people from cultures around the world?

A

Women valued economic prosperity while men valued fertility and appearance

53
Q

What was the single most valued trait among all participants in Buss’ study?

A

Kindess

54
Q

What have sociobiologists condoned the comparison of?

A

The comparison between animals and human behaviours

55
Q

What two stages of differentiation are the most important?

A

Fetal stage and puberty

56
Q

What is the difference between polyandry and polygyny?

A

Polyandry: Women having multiple husbands
Polygyny: Men having multiple wives

57
Q

How was Mead accused of cultural determinism?

A

for allowing herself to be duped by her informants, and for misinterpreting the cultures she studied

58
Q

What did Engles believe the three chief institutions in society were?

A

A capitalistic economy, a nation-state and a nuclear family

59
Q

What is cultural relativism?

A

Not judging a culture based on what ones own culture thinks is right or strange

60
Q
A

Sociology 303 (3 decks)

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