Chapter 1 - 4 Flashcards
What is replacement theory? (In regards to Matt Walsh?)
He believes that if more immigrants come into America, they will replace all white people
What is interplanetary theory?
The idea that men and women so different that they might as well come from other planets
What are the schools of thought?
Biological determinism and Differential socialization
What is biological determinism?
The idea that men and women have different hormones, reproductive systems and brain chemistries
What is differential socialization?
Men and women aren’t necessarily born different, rather they are socialized differently
What did Kimmel and Holler believe regarding the differences between men and women?
Men and women are more alike, while women and women were vastly differed – the same went for men and men
What is the difference between sex and gender?
Sex refers to physical differences, while gender is an ascribed status to sex bodies
Why do gender traditionalists project their views onto others?
The are scared of seeing things that deviate from the norm
Is there any proof that homosexuality is biological?
No
What did Kimmel and Holler believe about both school of thought?
They believed that both schools of thought were inaccurate of incomplete
What is social constructionism?
Because of the way we view things, our views are often skewed – either made up or socially constructed
How can projection influence the results of our tests?
We see things that aren’t actually true or valid based on our own interpretations of the subject
Which sex has gender?
Both males and females have gender
What did E. O Wilson believe?
He believed that genes held culture on a leash
What did Theologians believe the difference between men and women were?
That they had difference essences or souls
Why was Darwin’s book controversial?
Because rather than humans being graced by god, they came about as a result of evolution
What argument did Darwin make about the difference between men and women?
Men and women are only different through their mental dispositions
What is social Darwinism? Who created it?
Scientific racism created by Spencer to pervert Darwin’s work
What was Spencer also credited with?
The field of eugenics
What did Kimmel and Holler believe was the difference between Darwin and social Darwinism?
Darwin explained changes over a millennia while social Darwinism merely explained differences over generations
How do scientists study gender differences?
From a biological perspective
Is there a link between the Y chromosome and aggression?
No
Does testosterone vary among men and women?
Yes
Is there a link between chromosomes and hormones in relation to behavior?
No – its difficult to determine
Is there a difference between gay brains and heterosexual brains?
There were no valid results showing that heterosexual and homosexual brains were different
What did Freud believe was the difference between men and women?
They had different personalities
What are the three parts of Freud’s psychoanalytical theory?
The id, the ego, and the super ego
What are the five stages of Freud’s psychosexual development?
The oral, anal, phallic, latent, and genital
What stage is sexual orientation and gender developed? Where is it refined?
Developed in the phallic stage, refined in the genital stage
Is gender and sexual orientation formed at the same time?
Yes – they both form in the phallic stage, according to Freud
What are the three points Kimmel and Holler raised about Freud’s work?
He separated gender and sexuality from biology, and linked gender identity to sexual orientation, restated that gender stereotypes were successful adaptations of ego
What are some criticisms regarding Freud?
Based on his theories on upper-middle class women from Vienna, interpreted their dreams while high on cocaine, used slips of the tongue as solid evidence
What are the two roles Parson theorized?
Instrumental roles and expressive roles
What did Parsons believed about society?
That society generated roles to ensure that society continues onwards
What did Ben believe? (Gender Schema Theory)
He believed that gender identity was learned and that everyone is born gender neutral
What are some criticisms regarding gender role theory?
That its monolithic for both girls and boys, and that it obscures power
How did feminism play a role in sex-role theory?
They contested many findings
What did Mead believe about sex differences?
That they were learned
What did functionalists believe? (When it came to the topic of division of labour.)
All societies are divided by gender
What did Functionalists believe about sex-based division of labour?
That it was both functional and natural
What does the term Familia refer to?
How many family members and slaves a man owned
What did Engles believe about capitalism?
“The world historical defeat of the female sex”
How do humans cope with the unknown?
Through the use of religion
Why can’t we decipher behavior using biological and psychological models?
That are both inadequate
Who were the two studies which were similar to each other?
The Arapesh and the Mundugamor
How did primitive societies encourage warfare?
By rewarding male soldiers with women
What is decent theory?
The fixed nature of a mother-child bond, the bond between males and the next generation
What is alliance theory?
That men bond by turning women into sex objects
How is Female Genital Mutilation ‘justified?’
Done for “cleanliness’, preventing promiscuity, and feminine appearance
How is male circumcision different from FGM?
FMG is invasive and can permanently damage female reproductive organs
What is parental investment theory?
Tend to be picky when choosing mates as they have to invest more time into offspring
What was the result of the research Buss did on 10,000 people from cultures around the world?
Women valued economic prosperity while men valued fertility and appearance
What was the single most valued trait among all participants in Buss’ study?
Kindess
What have sociobiologists condoned the comparison of?
The comparison between animals and human behaviours
What two stages of differentiation are the most important?
Fetal stage and puberty
What is the difference between polyandry and polygyny?
Polyandry: Women having multiple husbands
Polygyny: Men having multiple wives
How was Mead accused of cultural determinism?
for allowing herself to be duped by her informants, and for misinterpreting the cultures she studied
What did Engles believe the three chief institutions in society were?
A capitalistic economy, a nation-state and a nuclear family
What is cultural relativism?
Not judging a culture based on what ones own culture thinks is right or strange
