Chapter 1

Question 1

Robert Hooke

Answer 1

1st published his observations and drawings of cork shavings as he saw them through a microscope

Question 2

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Answer 2

1st described microorganisms: observed in skin, pond water, blood, teeth, and described as bacteria fungi, algae, and protozoa

Question 3

Francisco Redi

Answer 3

Performed the experiments with the jars and meat which supported biogenesis

Question 4

Edward Jenner

Answer 4

Through observation determined that smallpox could be prevented through vaccinations. Discovered by watching milkmaids who did not get cowpox

Question 5

John Snow

Answer 5

Discovered the cause of Cholera transmission in London

Question 6

Ignaz Semmelweis

Answer 6

Enacted for doctors to begin washing hands after observing women dying in hospitals from childbirth vs. women not dying with midwives

Question 7

Louis Pasteur

Answer 7

Proposed the germ hypothesis in 1862
Proved that yeast was responsible for fermentation
Invented Pasteurization tech. of heating to kill pathogens
Did the Swan Flask Experiment
1885 developed rabies vaccine

Question 8

Joseph Lister

Answer 8

Developed the practice of antisepsis chemicals for disinfection

Question 9

Robert Koch

Answer 9

Isolated the tubercle bacillus. He added gelatin to his broth and was to grow bacterial colonies in a petri dish

Question 10

Koch’s postulates

Answer 10

standardized for linking a specific organism to a specific disease

Question 11

Sergei Winogradsky

Answer 11

Soil microbiologist.
Showed that some microbes were photosynthic
Recognized the beneficial roles of nitrogen fixing bacteria

Question 12

Martinus Beijerinck

Answer 12

Soil microbiologist.
Isolated nitrogen fixing bacteria growing inside plant roots. (root nodules)
Also worked on Virus Theory with Ivanowski

Question 13

Dimitri Ivanowski

Answer 13

Proposed the existence of viruses

Did the tobacco plant experiment

Question 14

Elie Metchnikoff

Answer 14

Father of Immunology

Observed WBC from humans destroying bacteria, i.e Phagocytosis

Question 15

Luria & Dulbruck

Answer 15

Discovered that bacteria can mutate to generate resistance to viral infection

Question 16

Beadle & Tatum

Answer 16

Demonstrated that one gene codes for one enzyme

Question 17

Hersey & Chase

Answer 17

Showed that DNA is the genetic material of inheritance

Question 18

Crick

Answer 18

Used E. coli and a virus to show how the DNA code makes protein

Question 19

Paul Erlich

Answer 19

Developed Salvarsan, the “magic bullet” that cured syphillis

Question 20

Alexander Flemming

Answer 20

Observed that a species of Penicillium mold killed bacteria cells.
Developed Penicillin

Question 21

Craig Venter

Answer 21

Father of Genomics.

Sequenced entire chromosomal content from the different species including humans

Question 22

Abiogenesis

Answer 22

The belief that life generates spontaneously from decaying material by spontaneous generation.

Question 23

Biogenesis

Answer 23

Life generates from the decaying material, not the material itself.

Question 24

Miasma

Answer 24

thought to be the bad air from rotting organic matter

Question 25

Epidemiology

Answer 25

Understanding of disease transmission

Question 26

Eukaryotic

Answer 26

Cell contains a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles

-Usually in plants, animals, fungi, & protozoa

Question 27

Prokaryotic

Answer 27

Cell lacks a membrane-bound nucleus

-Usually in bacteria and archaea

Question 28

What are the common shapes of prokaryotes

Answer 28

1. Spherical
2. Spiral
3. Rod-shaped

Question 29

What are the two groups in Prokaryotes

Answer 29

1. bacteria

2. Archaea

Question 30

Fungi

Answer 30

100K species
Live in their food medium
Causes human or plant disease
can make useful antibiotics

Question 31

Kingdom Portista

Answer 31

Single-cell protozoa
some are free living & symbiotic with other organisms
some cause disease in humans

Question 32

Five major groups of Microbiology

Answer 32

1. Bacteriology- bacteria
2. Virology- viruses
3. Mycology- fungi
4. Phycology- Algae
5. Protozoology- amoebas
6. Parasitology- worms, ticks, fleas

Question 33

Multicellular Parasites

Answer 33

Not true microbes
Visible to the naked eye
cause infectious disease
Include: worms, ticks, lice, fleas, flies, mites & more