Chapter 1-3 Flashcards
Define gross anatomy
the branch of anatomy that deals with the structure of organs and tissues that are visible to the naked eye
Levels of organization from atoms to organs
atoms molecules organelle cell tissue Organ organ system organism
Define organ
contains two or more types of tissues
Define tissue
groups of similar cells
What lipids found in the plasma membrane
Phospholipid
glycolipids
What structures are found in the nucleus
nuclear envelope
chromatin
nucleous
What are the major organelles
Mitochondria Ribosomes Smooth ER Rough ER Golgi complex Lysosome
Process of exocytosis
The membrane-bound vesicle migrates to the plasma membrane.
There, proteins at the vesicle surface (v-SNAREs) bind with t-SNAREs (plasma membrane proteins).
The vesicle and plasma membrane fuse and a pore opens up
Vesicle contents are released to the cell exterior.
Prophase
Nuclear envelope fragments
Kinetochore microtubules attach to kinetochore of centromeres and draw them toward equator of cell
Polar microtubules assist in forcing poles apart
metaphase
Centromeres of chromosomes aligned at equator
Plane midway between poles called metaphase plate
Anaphase
Shortest phase
Centromeres of chromosomes split simultaneously—each chromatid becomes a chromosome
Chromosomes (V shaped) pulled toward poles by motor proteins of kinetochores
Polar microtubules continue forcing poles apart
Telophase
Begins when chromosome movement stops
Two sets of chromosomes uncoil to form chromatin
New nuclear membrane forms around each chromatin mass
Nucleoli reappear
Spindle disappears
Cytokinesis
division of cytoplasm by cleavage furrow
Where are ribosomes assembled
nucleolus
What is the purpose of negative feedback
takes levels back to normal
Examples of positive
vomiting
pregnancy
clotting
what is the most abundant chemical substance in the body
water
Define exergonic reactions
net release of energy
Products have less potential energy than reactants
Catabolic and oxidative reactions
Define endergonic reactions
net absorption of energy
Products have more potential energy than reactants
Anabolic reactions
Energy levels of electrons (how many does each shell need)
2 in the most inner level
8 in the rest
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Carries instructions for building a polypeptide, from gene in DNA to ribosomes in cytoplasm
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Structural component of ribosomes that, along with tRNA, helps translate message from mRNA
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Bind to amino acids and pair with bases of codons of mRNA at ribosome to begin process of protein synthesis
What are microvilli used for
microscopic cellular membrane protrusions that increase the surface area for diffusion
where can you find tight junctions in the body
small intestines
Desmosomes
muscle tissue
Gap junctions
nerves
Name the space within joints
synovial cavity
The form of storage in the muscles and liver
glycogen
The most abundant protein in the body
collagen
