Chapter 1,3,4,5 Flashcards
1
Q
Central ingredients of your life ( 2nd decade of 21st century)
A
Culture
Cultural differences
Intercultural communication
2
Q
Imperative for intercultural competence
A
Demographic
Global
Technological
Peace
Self-awareness
Interpersonal concerns/imperative
3
Q
Largest and most extensive mixing up ever
A
US and the world
4
Q
When is the multicultural population is expected to triple?
A
2050
5
Q
In 2050, this demographic is among the fastest growing groups
A
Children’s demographic
6
Q
A multicultural society
A
US
7
Q
% of the people in the US speak a language other than English at home
A
20%
8
Q
Common religion in the US
A
hindus
Muslims
Buddhist
9
Q
This make it possible to establish virtually instantaneous links to people thousands of miles away.
A
Communication media such as:
Internet
Global positioning satellites
Mobile phones
10
Q
Contribute to the creation of the global village
A
Modern transportation system
11
Q
One of the growth industries worldwide and the US benefits from it
A
International tourism
12
Q
A major service sector export into the global economy
A
Us higher education
13
Q
How much is the money spend on living expenses of international students
A
22 B
14
Q
% of students come from outside the US
A
74%
15
Q
Thses are essential for the self awareness imperative for intercultural competence
A
Thoughts
Feelings
Action
Worldviews
Judgement
Habit
16
Q
Communication is…
A
Symbolic
Interpretive
Transactional
Contextual
Process
17
Q
It represent the shared meanings that are communicated
A
Symbols
18
Q
Word , action, object that stands for or represents a unit of meaning
A
Symbol
19
Q
Outcom s of the communication process
A
Understanding
Agreement
20
Q
It means that the participants have imposed similar or shared interpretations about what the messages actually mean- communication has occurred
A
Understanding
21
Q
Means that each participant, not only understands the other’s interpretation but also holds a view that is similar to.
A
Agreement
22
Q
Pachakge of symbols used to create shared meanings
A
Message
23
Q
Explain : communication is symbolic
A
Symbols represent the shared meanings that are communicated. Meaning, in return, is a perception, thoughts, or feelings that a person experiences and might want to communicate with others
24
Q
Explain: communication is interpretive
A
Whenever people communicate, they must interpret the symbolic actions of others and make a significance of those behaviors to create a meaningful account of the others’ actions
25
Explain: communication is transactional
It implies that all participants in the communication process work together to create and sustain the messages that develop.
26
There are diff views and models for how the process of communication takes place
Actional
Transactional
Interactional
27
This view held that communication was a linear, one-way flow of ideas and information and that the focus of this view was primarily on information transmission- reliant on the sender.
Actional view
28
Reasons why actional view is not very useful in the study of intercultural communication
1. Sender’s goal is to persuade the receiver- more focused on selling and telling.
2. This view assume the receivers of message are somehow inferior to the sender- little ability to influence the communication process- aimed mere manipulation of the receiver
29
This view emphasizes the construction of shared creation of messages and meanings.
Transactional view
30
All participants are simultaneously interpreting multiple messages at all moments. The messages not only include the meaning of the words said, but also the meaning conveyed by the tone of voice, the types of gestures, frequency..
Transactional view
31
The transactional view differs from interactional and actional in 2 ways
1. It recognizes the goal of communication to improve one’s knowledge, seek understanding, develop agreement and negotiate shared meanings
2. It recognizes that at any given instant,no one is just sending or just receiving messages
32
The actional view emphasizes ____ of the message, the interactional view emphasizes____
Transmission
Interpretation
33
Ongoing responses are called
Feedback
34
This view explicitly includes the receiver in the communication process and recognizes that the receivers provide the sender with feedback
Interactional view
35
Different aspects of the context
Physical
Social
Interpersonal
36
Explain: communication is contextual
All communication takes place within a setting or situation. Context-the place where people meet.
37
Includes the actual location of the interactants -outdoors, indoor etc.
Physical context
38
Refers to the widely shared expectations people have about the kinds of interactions that normally should occur given different kinds of social event.
Social context
39
Refers to the expectations people have about the behaviors of others as a result of differences in the relationships.
Interpersonal context
40
A sequence of many distinct but interrelated steps
Process
41
A form of communication that involves a small number of individuals who are interacting-exclusively with one another and who therefore have the ability both to adapt their messages specifically for those others and to obtain immediate interpretations from them.
Interpersonal communication
42
4 characteristics of interpersonal communications
1. It involves small number of people
2. It involves people exclusively interacting with one another
3. It involves immediate interpretation
4. It is adapted to specific others.
43
5 metaphors used to describe the cultural mix within the US
Melting pot
Tributaries
Rainbow
Tapestry
Garden salad
44
Melting pot(huge crucible container)- Used to melt, mix and ultimately fused together metals or other substances.(3)
- immigrants BLEND together = assimilated culture = stronger and better than the indi cultures of which is composed.
- adopted some of the practices and preferences of other groups.
-ought to blended to overcome their indi weaknesses
45
Negative connotations about America(melting pot)
Abandon one’s cultural heritage in exchange for homogenized “American” culture
46
Tributaries (3)
-Like a huge cultural watershed providing numerous paths in which the many tributaries can flow.
- maintain unique identities
- combine to form a major river= blend=single common current
47
Negative connotation of tributaries
Subordinate to or less important than the mighty river into which they flow
48
Rainbow(2)
-colours represented the wide variety of cultures.= coexist amicably
- pride, indentities, diversity
49
Negative connotation of rainbow metaphor
Cultures should be separate, unequal and hierarchically ordered
50
A decorative cloth made up of many strands of thread.
Tapestry
51
Tapestry (3)
-each thread is akin to a person and groups of similar threads are analogous to a culture
-image is not flawless
-static and unchangeable
52
Cultural groups in the US are more fluid than the tapestry metaphor might imply
Migrations
Immigrations
Mortality patterns all alter the cultural landscape
53
Garden Salad
-blended into a unique, one hopes, tasteful mixture
-suggests an absence of firmness and stability
54
Refers to the coexistence of culturally different groups
Multiculturalism
55
Emphasize the desire to pay equal attention to all cultural groups and their experiences
Multiculturalism
56
Invoked a spirit of cultural pluralism and presumed equality.
Diversity
57
Post racial
Refers to the notion that a society no longer has any racial conflict
58
Term used to referred to White Americans . Suggested the economic and political power of white US Americans
Dominant culture
59
People from nondominant cultures
-subordinate / inferior
-unworthy of access to resources
60
Alternative label for white US Americans
Majority
61
Common cultural heritage of US
European Americans
62
Intxt that is perceived as effective in fulfilling certain rewarding objectives in a way that is also appropriate to the context in which the interaction occurs.
Competent communication
63
Means that competence is a social judgement about how well a person interacts with others
Perceived
64
Results in behaviors that are regarded as appropriate -the actions of the communicators fit the expectations and demands of the situation
Competent interpersonal communication
65
People use the symbols they are expected to use in a given context
Appropriate communication
66
Results in behaviors that are effective in achieving desired personal outcomes
Competent interpersonal communication
67
A social judgement that people make about others
Communication competence
68
Judgement depends on the ff:
- context
- rel bet the interactants
- goals or objectives that the interactants want to achieve
- specific verbal and nonverbal messages
69
Components of intercultural competence
Context
Appropriateness and effectiveness
Knowledge
Motivation
Skills
70
It is not independent of the relationships and situations within which communication occurs
Context
71
It means those behaviors that are regarded as proper and suitable given the expectations generated by a given culture l, situation etc.
Appropriateness
72
It means those behaviours that lead to the achievement of desired outcomes
Effectiveness
73
Refers to the cognitive information you need to have about the people, context, and norms of appropriateness that operate in a specific culture.
Knowledge
74
Includes people’s overall set of emotional associations as they anticipate and actually communicate interculturally.
Motivations
75
Refers to the actual performance of those behaviors that are regarded as appropriate and effective
Skills
76
A tool for examining people’s communication behaviors- and in so doing provides a guide to the very basic of intercultural competence
BASIC skills
Behavior assessment scale for intercultural competence
77
8 categories of comm behavior are described in this tool, each of which contributes to the achievement of intercultural competence
BASIC skills
78
Basic dimensions of intercultural competence (types pf comm behavior)
Display of respect
Orientation to knowledge
Empathy
Interaction management
Task role behavior
Relational role behavior
Tolerance for ambiguity
Interaction posture
79
The ability to show respect and positive regard for other people and their cultures
Display of respect
80
The recognition that individual’s experience shapes what they know
Orientation to knowledge
81
The capacity to behave as though you understand the world as others do
Empathy
82
Skill in regulating conversations and taking turns
Interaction management
83
Behaviors that involve the initiation of ideas related to group problem solving antivities
Task role behavior
84
Behaviors associated with interpersonal harmony and mediation
Relational Role Behavior
85
The ability to react to new and ambiguous situations with little visible discomfort
Tolerance for ambiguity
86
The ability to respond to others in descriptive and nonjudgmental ways
Interaction posture
87
A tool that allows people to control the meaning to the verbal and non verbal symbols used by others
DIE
description interpretation and evaluation
88
The tool is based on the differences in how people think about and then verbally speak about the people with whom they interact and the events in which they participate
DIE
89
The process of DIE
The tool starts with the assumption that
Mental shorthand(to receive info from the world around them) -form interpretations and evaluations (without being aware of the specific sensory information they have perceived)
90
4 people who described variations in cultural patterns
Edward Hall
Geert Hofstede
Shalom schwartz
GLOBE
91
Cultures differ in the extent to which their primary message patterns are high context or low context
Edward hall
92
Six dimensions along which cultures vary by?
Geert Hofstede
93
There are 3 problems that all cultural groups must solve which results in seven dimensions of culture by?
Shalom schwartz
94
This one incorporates many of the previously described ideas and identifies 9 dimensions of culture by??
GLOBE
95
Organizes cultures by the amount of information implied by the setting or context of the communication itself, regardless of the specific words that are spoken
Edward Hall
96
Edward Hall Argument
Human beings are faced with many perceptual stimuli- sights, sounds, smells, tastes, and bodily sensations.
Cultures provides perceptual filters to screen between the person and all the stimuli
97
High context cultures characteristics
-High-context message
-Very little is provided in the coded, explicit, transmitted part of the message.
-Meaning: implied by the physical setting, part of the individual’s internalized beliefs, values, norms, and social practices and there is a large emphasis on nonverbal
codes
-very little of the interpretation of the messages left to chance
-much more is taken for granted and assumed to be shared,
-do not need to be explicitly and verbally transmitted ; fixed and specific expectations
-rxn: likely to be reserved,
- commitment between 2 people is very strong and deep and responsibility to oneself
Loyalties to families and the members of one’s social and work groups are long lasting and unchanging
98
Examples of high-context cultures
Japanese
African American
Mexican
Latino
99
Characteristics of Low context cultures
-Use low context messages
-Majority of the info is vested in the explicit code and readily observable
-people look for the meaning of others’ behaviors in the messages that are plainly and explicitly coded.
-the details of the message are expressed precisely and specifically in the words that people use as they try to communicate with others.
-
100
Examples of low context cultures
German
Swedish
European American
English
101
Use of rxn of high context vs low context
High- reserved
Low- frequently explicit and readily observable
102
Interpretation on high context
- very little interpretation in the message
- meanings are internalized and large emphasis in nonverbal code
103
Interpretation in low context
Precisely and explicitly coded
The details of the message are expressed precisely and specifically in the words that people use
104
In high context commitment between people is
Very strong and deep and responsibility to oneself
105
In high context loyalty to families, members and eork grps are
Long lasting and unchanging
106
Orientation to time high context
- more open, less structured and more responsive
- less subject to constraints and external goals
107
Orientation to low context
Highly organized
108
6 dimension of Hofstede
Power distance
Uncertainty avoidance
Time orientation
Masculinity vs femininity
Indulgence vs restraint
Individualism vs collectivism
109
Hofstede’s cultural taxonomy
People carry mental program or software of the mind (which carry ideas of culture and dominant values) developed during childhood and reinforced by their culture
110
Basic concerns of all cultures
Human inequality
111
Institutional and organizational power should be distributed unequally and whether the decision of the power holders should be challenged or accepted
Power distance
112
Cultures that prefer small power distance
Denmark
Austria
New zealand
Israel
European American
113
Small power distance believe in the importance of
-minimizing class inequality
- reducing hierarchical organizational structures
-x questioning or challenging authorities
- using power only for legal purposes
114
Cultures that prefer large power distance
Guatemala
Arab countries
Malaysia
Phil
115
Cultures prefer large power distance believe
- each person has a rightful and protected place in the social order
- x questioning or challenging authorities
- hierarchy inequality are appropriate
116
The extent which the culture feels threatened by ambiguous, uncertain situations and tries to avoid them by establishing more structure
Uncertainty Avoidance
117
Try to ensure uncertainty predictability and security through an extensive set pf rules regulations and rituals
High uncertainty avoidance
118
Minimize the number of rules and rituals that govern social conduct and human behavior
Low uncertainty avoidance
119
Desire or even demand consensus about societal goals
High uncertainty avoidance
120
Accept and encourage dissent among cultural members
Low uncertainty avoidance
121
Do not like to tolerate dissent or allow deviation in the behaviors of cultural members
High uncertainty avoidance culture
122
Many rules to control social behaviors
High uncertainty avoidance
123
Few rules to control social behaviors
Low uncertainty avoidance
124
Adopt elaborate rituals and religious practices that have a precise form or sequence
High uncertainty avoidance
125
Example of high uncertainty avoidance
Portugal uruguay greece guatemala
126
Example of low uncertainty avoidance
Denmark
Jamaica
Ireland
India
127
Tend to be group-oriented
Collectivistic culture
128
Typically impose a large psychological distance between those who are members of their group and those who are not members
Collectivistic culture
129
Judged on their performance, right to display the material things they acquire
Masculine culture
130
Less external achievement, importance of life choices that improve intrinsic aspects of the quality of life
Feminine culture
131
Believe in ostentatious manliness
Masculine culture
132
Equality bet the sexes , less prescriptive role behaviors, acceptanve of nurturing role for both women and men
Feminine culture
133
Men should be assertive and women should be nurturing
Masculine culture
134
Men are far less interested in achievement
Feminine culture
135
Masculine sex role and inequality
Sex role: clearly differentiated
Inequality: beneficial
136
Feminine sex role and equality
Sr: more fluid
Equality : norm
137
Academic performance is highly rewarded
Masculine culture
138
Accommodation is more highly rewarded
Feminine culture
139
Competitive, visible, successful and vocationally oriented
Masculine
140
Cooperation, sense of solidarity, modestly and properly, intrinsically intelligent, friendliness
Feminine
141
Example of masculine
Japan
Austria
Mexico
Italy
142
Example of feminine
Thailand
Chile
Portugal
Sweden
143
Person’s point of reference about life and work
Time orientation
144
Cultures with long term orientation
S korea
Germany
Japan
Russia
145
Cultures with short term orientation
Colombia
Australia
Morocco
Iran
146
These cultures have expectation of wuick results following one’s actions
Short term orientation
147
They all admire: persistent, thriftiness, humility, linguistic , social distinction (sibs), deferred gratification
Long term gratification
148
View that pleasure and enjoyment of life are desirable- puts the focus on happiness as a way of life
Indulgence
149
Focus on self discipline and believe that individuals should curb their urges and desires for unrestrained fun
Restraint
150
Cultural preference for the kinds of relationships and boundaries that ought to exist between individuals and the larger group
Dimension autonomy vs embeddedness
151
People are regarded as independent and they are encouraged to express their unique preferences, tendencies, abilities and feelings
Autonomy culture
152
2 types of cultural autonomy
Intellectual
Affective
153
Promote and support people’s independent pursuits of thoughts, ideas, and knowledge; curiosity, creativity and s broadminded view of the world are encouraged
Intellectual autonomy
154
Encourage and reinforce each individual’s pursuit of pleasurable emotional states, enjoyable feelings varied experiences and an exciting life.
Affective autonomy
155
The preference is for one’s routines,activities, goals- one’s entire life to be shared communally
Embeddedness culture
156
Components of cultural patterns
Beliefs
Values
Norms
Social practices
157
An idea that people assume to be true about the world
Belief
158
Include the culture’s fundamental teachings about what reality us
Central belief
159
Refers to matters of personal taste.
Peripheral beliefs
160
Desired characteristics or goals of a culture, a culture’s value do not necessarily describe its actual behaviors and characteristics
Values
161
Guiding principles in peoples lives
Values
162
Whether the value is seen as positive or negative
Valence
163
Indicates thr strength or importance of the value
Intensity
164
Socially shared expectations of appropriate behaviors
Norms
165
Cultures differ from one another but within every culture, there are indis who vary from the cultural patternd most often associated with it
Kluckhohn and strodtbeck
166
Predictable behavior patterns that members of a culture typically follow
Social practices
167
4 conclusions about the functions of cultural patterns
1. People in all cultures face common problems for which they must find solutions
2. The range of alternative solutions to a culture’s problems is limited
3. Within each culture there will be preferred solutions vbut there are those who will choose other solutions
4. The preferred solutions shape the culture’ basic assumptions about beliefs values norms and social practices- cultural pattern
168
5 major elements in Kluckhohn and strodtbecks description of cultural patterns
Activities
Social relation
Self
World
Passage of time
169
Defines how the people view human actions and the expression of self through activities.
Activity orientation
170
How the people in a culture organize themselves and relate to one another
Social relations orientation
171
How people’s identities are formed, whether the culture views the self as changeable, what motivates individual actions and the kinds of people who are valued and respected
Self-orientation
172
Past
Present
Future
Japanese and chinese
Native Americans and latinos
European Americans
173
Encourages people to view others as social and moral equals who voluntarily choose to work together as peers to fulfill shared interests
Egalitarianism
174
Places taught to tbe concerned about the welfare of others, to corporate, and to be responsible and honest about helping others.
Spain and Belgium
175
Unequal distribution of social, political and economic power as legitimate and desirable
Hierarchy culture
176
This deals with people’s orientations to social and natural resources.
Harmony vs mastery
177
Encourage acceptance and blending into the natural and social worlds.
Harmony
178
Encourage the members to direct and control the natural and social worlds
Mastery culture
179
9 dimensions of Globe
Power distance
Uncertainty avoidance
Institutional collectivism
Ingrp collectivisim
Gender egalitarianism
Assertiveness
Future orientation
Humane orientation
Performance orientation
180
Power should be stratified, unequally shared and higher concentration at higher levels
Power distance
181
The degree to which people express pride, loyalty, cohesiveness, solidarity in their family
Ingrp collectivism
182
The degree to which a culture’s institutional practices encourage collective actions sand the collective distribution of resources
Institutional collectivism
183
Decisions that juxtaposition the benefits to the group with the benefits to the indi nearly always base the decision on what is best for the grp
High institutional collectivism
184
Decisions are based on what is good for the indi, with little regard for the grp.
Low institutional collectivism
185
The extent to which people minimize gender- role differences and gender discrimination while promoting gender equality
Gender Egalitarianism
186
The degree to which people are assertive, confrontational and aggressive in social relationships
Assertiveness
187
Extent to which people encourage otherd to improve their task oriented performance and excel
Performance orientation
188
The degree to which people engage in future oriented behaviors such as planning, investing in the future and delaying gratification.
Future orientation
189
The degree to which people encourage others to be fair , altruistic friendly generous caring and kind
Humane orientation
