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Neurogenic Language Disorders > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Building blocks of the nervous system

A

Neurons

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2
Q

2 kinds of nerve fibers

A

Dendrites & Axons

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3
Q

Dendrites

A

afferent (sensory)

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4
Q

Axons

A

efferent (motor)

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5
Q

Neurotransmitter for movement

A

Acetylcholine (ACH)

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6
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

Brain & Spinal Cord

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7
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

Cranial Nerves (12) & Spinal Nerves (31)

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8
Q

“Relay Station”

A

Thalamus- integrates sensory info and relays it to cortical areas. Receives info about motor impulses from basal ganglia & cerebellum and relays these to the motor areas of the cortex

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9
Q

Structures of the basal ganglia

A

caudate nucleus, lenticular nucleus (putamen & globus pallidus). Also, subthalamic nuclei & substantia nigra

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10
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

Plays an important role in inhibition and facilitation of movement. Damage can lead to unusual posture, involuntary movements (dyskinesias) and dysarthrias

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11
Q

Interconnected cavities filled with cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)

A

Cerebral Ventricles

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12
Q

Structure that produces CSF

A

Choroid plexus - contained in the ventricles

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13
Q

Four Ventricles

A

2 lateral ventricles are the largest and found below the corpus callosum, foreman of munro connects them to the 3rd ventricle, and the cerebral aqueduct connects it to the 4th ventricle.

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14
Q

Communication fiber tracts in the CNS (3)

A

Projection fibers, commissural fibers, and association fibers

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15
Q

Projection fibers

A

Transmit sensory (afferent) info to the brain from peripheral organs, transmit motor (efferent) info to muscles from the cortex

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16
Q

Corona Radiata

A

Projection fibers near cortex that are arranged in a fan like area

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17
Q

Internal Capsule

A

When projection fibers reach the level of the thalamus and basal gaglia they become compacted and concentrated in this area

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18
Q

Projection fiber pathways

A

Pyramidal pathway, extrapyramidal pathway, & vestibular-reticular system

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19
Q

Pyramidal pathway

A

Passes through area called pyramids in the brain stem and is responsible for initiating most skilled volitional movements

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20
Q

Groups of nerve fibers of the pyramidal pathway (2)

A

Corticalbulbar tract & corticalspinal tract

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21
Q

This group of nerve fibers sends neural info from cortex to cranial nerves via synapses w/ cranial nerve neurons in brain stem

A

Corticalbulbar tract

22
Q

This group of nerve fibers sends neural info from cortex to spinal nerves via synapses with spinal nerves in spinal cord

A

Corticalspinal tract

23
Q

Upper Motor Neurons (UMN)

A

The cell bodies of the corticalbulbar and corticalspinal tracts make up the UMN’s are located around the primary motor cortex

24
Q

Lower Motor Neurons (LMN)

A

The axons of the corticalbulbar and corticalspinal tracts synapse at the level of the brain stem and spinal cord with neurons then travel to the cranial or spinal muscles

25
Q

These fibers help maintain communication among structures within a hemisphere (intrahemispheric fibers)

A

Association fibers

26
Q

This association fiber connects Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area

A

Arcuate Fasciculus (superior longitudinal)

27
Q

These fibers connect corresponding areas of both hemispheres (intrehemispheric connectors)

A

Commissural fibers

28
Q

Most important commissural fiber

A

Corpus Callosum - damage results in a disconnect between the two hemispheres

29
Q

Logitudinal fissure

A

Separates the two hemispheres of the cerebrum

30
Q

Fissure of Rolando

A

(Central sulcus) - divides anterior half of brain from posterior half

31
Q

Sylvan fissure

A

(Lateral cerebral fissure) begins at the inferior frontal lobe and moves laterally/upward, areas around this fissure are important for speech

32
Q

2 functional categories of the cortex

A

Primary cortex & association areas

33
Q

Primary cortex

A

Responsible for specific motor or sensory info

34
Q

Association areas

A

Responsible for interpreting sensory info and planning motor activity

35
Q

Primary motor cortex

A

(Precentral gyrus)- Located in frontal lobe, controls voluntary movements of opposite side of body

36
Q

Broca’s Area

A

Located in the left, posterior part of the frontal lobe at the juncture of the lateral and central fissures, important for controlling motor movements involved in speech

37
Q

Premotor cortex

A

Frontal association area in front of the primary motor cortex important for planning and initiating complex voluntary movements

38
Q

Primary sensory cortex

A

(post central gyrus) located in the parietal lobe just behind the central fissure and is a strip controlling and integrating somesthetic sensory impulses

39
Q

Two gyri in the parietal lobe that are important for speech and language

A

Supramarginal gyrus & angular gyrus

40
Q

Damage to the supramarginal gyrus

A

Could cause agraphia (difficulty writing) or conduction aphasia

41
Q

Dame to the angular gyrus

A

Could cause naming, reading, writing difficulties as well as transcortical sensory aphasia

42
Q

Parietal association area

A

Important for processing tactile information

43
Q

Important gyri in the temporal lobe (3)

A

Superior temporal gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, and inferior temporal gyrus

44
Q

Primary auditory cortex

A

Located in the temporal lobe important for receiving and interpreting auditory info

45
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

Located (partially) in the temporal lobe and is important for comprehending speech, written material, processing semantic and syntactic info, and nonverbal sounds

46
Q

Temporal association area

A

Important for discriminating and processing auditory info and for language related processes

47
Q

How voluntary movement occurs (7 steps)

A
  1. The premotor cortex makes a plan for the intended movement and codes it in a way the primary cortex will understand. (Note Broca’s area is the lower part of the premotor cortex.)
  2. The plan is sent to the primary cortex.
  3. The primary motor cortex sends the command and control information needed to execute the plan down through the brain via the pyramidal tract.
  4. If the info is for speech muscles the info is sent via the corticobulbar tract to the cranial nerves.
    - -or–If the info is for other body movement it is sent via the corticospinal tract to the spinal nerve.
  5. The vestibular-reticular system adjusts balance and posture before and during the movement.
  6. The cerebellum modulates the rate, force and direction of the movement.
  7. The extrapyramidal system adjusts muscle tone and posture to make the movement smooth and continuous.
48
Q

Protective layers of the brain (bones, membranes, and fluids)

A

Skull, Meninges (membranes), and CSF

49
Q

Skull

A

Encloses brain, brainstem inside a space called the cranial vault with the foramen magnum allowing the brain stem to connect to the spinal cord

50
Q

Meninges 3 layers

A

Dura mater- most superficial, arachnoid mater- middle, pia mater- attached to the brain

51
Q

Associated spaces around the meninges

A

Epidural – between inner bone of skull and dura, Subdural – beneath dura,
Subarachnoid – between arachnoid and pia mater- surrounds brain and spinal cord, connected to interior of brain through ventricular system and is filled with CSF

Neurogenic Language Disorders (5 decks)

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