Chapter 1

Question 0

Overconfidence

Answer 0

Contaminates our everyday judgement, your human tendency is to be overconfident.

Question 1

Hindsight bias

Answer 1

The tendency to believe after learning an outcome that one would have foreseen.

Question 2

Critical thinking

Answer 2

Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions.

Question 3

Theory

Answer 3

An explanation of using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations.

Question 4

Hypothesis

Answer 4

A testable prediction often implied by a theory.

Question 5

Operational definitions.

Answer 5

A statement of procedures and operations used to define research IT ALLOWS US TO MEASURE VARIABLES

Question 6

Replicate

Answer 6

Repeating the essence of a research study usually with different situations To see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances.

Question 7

Case study

Answer 7

The case in which psychologists study one individual in great depth.

Question 8

Survey

Answer 8

Looks at many cases with less depth into all of them

Question 9

False consensus effect

Answer 9

The tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors
.

Question 10

Population

Answer 10

All the cases in a group from which samples may be drawn for a study.

Question 11

Random sample

Answer 11

A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion.

Question 12

Naturalistic observation

Answer 12

Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate.

Question 13

Correlate

Answer 13

One trait or behavior that accompanies another.

Question 14

Scatter plots

Answer 14

Illustrations of perfect positive and negative correlations which rarely occur in the “real world” .

Question 15

Illusory correlation

Answer 15

A perceived non-existent correlation when we BELIEVE there is a relationship between two things.

Question 16

Experiment

Answer 16

A research method in which and investigator manipulates one or more factors.

Question 17

Double-blind procedure

Answer 17

The research participants and research staff are blind to whether the participants have received the placebo effect or the treatment.

Question 18

The Placebo effect

Answer 18

Any effect on behavior cause by expectations alone.

Question 19

Experimental condition

Answer 19

The participants that are exposed to the independent variable *watches violent TV

Question 20

Control condition

Answer 20

The participant that serves as a comparison evaluating the effect of the treatment *watches Barney

Question 21

Random assignment

Answer 21

Used in the experimental assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance,

Question 22

Independent variable

Answer 22

Manipulation factor * people watch violent TV programs

Question 23

Dependent variable

Answer 23

Outcome factor *people engage in violent activities

Question 24

Mode

Answer 24

The most frequently score in a distribution

Question 25

Mean

Answer 25

The average distribution - adding and dividing

Question 26

Median

Answer 26

The middle of a distribution

Question 27

Range

Answer 27

The difference between highest and lowest

Question 28

Standard deviation

Answer 28

A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean

Question 29

Statistical significance

Answer 29

A statement of likely it is that a result occurs by chance

Question 30

Culture

Answer 30

Enduring the behaviors, ideas, attitudes and traditions showed by a large group of people

Question 31

Wording effects

Answer 31

Subtle changes in order or wording of questions can have major effects.