Chapter 1

Question 1

Define anatomy and physiology and describe their subdivisons

Answer 1

Anatomy: studies the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another; gross, regional, systemic, surface, microscopic, developmental
Physiology concerns the function of the body; renal, neurophysiology, cardiovasular

Question 2

Explain the principle of complementarity

Answer 2

Anatomy and physiology are inseparable because function always reflects structure

Question 3

Name the levels of structural organization

Answer 3

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal

Question 4

List the functional characteristics necessary to maintain life in humans

Answer 4

Maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, and reproduction, growth

Question 5

List the survival needs of the body

Answer 5

Nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, appropriate atmospheric pressure

Question 6

List the 11 organ systems

Answer 6

integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive

Question 7

Define homeostasis and explain its significance

Answer 7

The ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes continuously

Question 8

Describe homeostatic control

Answer 8

1. Stimulus produces change
2. Receptor detects change
3. Input: afferent pathway –> control center
4. Output: efferent pathway –>effector
5. Response

Question 9

Describe negative and positive feedback

Answer 9

Negative: shuts off original effect or reduces its intensity
Positive: response enhances the original stimulus so that the response is accelerated

Question 10

Describe the anatomical position

Answer 10

body erect, feet slightly apart, palms face forward, thumbs point up

Question 11

Directional terms

Answer 11

Superior/Inferior
Ventral/Dorsal
Medial/Lateral
Intermediate
Proximal/Distal
Superficial/Deep

Question 12

Regional terms

Answer 12

Axial/Appendicular

Look in book for further divisions

Question 13

Body planes

Answer 13

Sagittal/Midsagittal/Parasagittal
Frontal
Transverse
(Oblique)

Question 14

Major cavities and subdivisions

Answer 14

Dorsal: cranial, spinal
Ventral: thoracic (pleural, mediastinum, pericardial cavities), abdominopelvic (abdominal, pelvic)

Question 15

Define and explain the serous membrane

Answer 15

A thin, double-layer membrane that covers the walls of the ventral body cavity and outer surfaces of the organs; parietal serosa lines the cavity walls; visceral serosa covers the organs; membranes separated by serous fluid

Question 16

Abdominopelvic quadrants

Answer 16

Right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left lower quadrant

Question 17

Adominopelvic regions

Answer 17

Umbilical, epigastric, hypogastric (public), right and left iliac, right and left lumbar, right and left hypochondriac