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BIO 106 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Physiology

A

The science of the functioning of living organisms

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1
Q

Anatomy

A

The science of the structure of living organisms

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2
Q

Atoms

A

The smallest part of an element; invisible by ordinary chemical means

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3
Q

Cell

A

The basic biological unit of living organisms, enclosed by a limiting membrane; cells in more complex organisms contain a nucleus and a variety of organelles

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4
Q

Tissue

A

A group of similar cells specializes to perform a specific function; primary tissue types are epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues

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5
Q

Organ

A

A part of the body formed of two or more tissues that performs a specialized function

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6
Q

Organ System

A

A group of organs that work together to perform a vital body function

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7
Q

Organism

A

An individual living thing

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8
Q

What are the 6 levels of structural organization?

A
  1. Chemical Level
  2. Cellular Level
  3. Tissue Level
  4. Organ Level
  5. Organ System Level
  6. Organismal Level
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9
Q

Integumentary System

A

The skin and its accessory organs. Protects deeper tissue from injury; synthesizes vitamin D; location of cutaneous receptors and sweat/oil glands

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10
Q

Skeletal System

A

System of protection and support for body organs composed primarily of bone and cartilage; provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement; blood cells are formed within bones; stores minerals

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11
Q

Muscular System

A

Organ system consisting of skeletal muscles and their connective tissue attachments; maintains posture; produces heat; allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression

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12
Q

Cardiovascular System

A

Organ system that distributes blood to all parts of the body

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13
Q

Nervous System

A

Fast-acting control system that employs nerve impulses to trigger muscle contraction or gland secretion; responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands

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14
Q

Lymphatic System

A

The lymphatic vessels, and the lymphoid tissues and organs including lymph nodes; picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to the blood; disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream; houses white blood cells involved in immunity

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15
Q

Respiratory System

A

Organ system that carries out gas exchange through the walls of air sacs in the lungs; includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs; keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide

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16
Q

Endocrine System

A

Body system that includes internal organs that secrete hormones; regulates processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use by body cells

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17
Q

Digestive System

A

System that processes food into absorbable units and eliminates indigestible wastes

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18
Q

Urinary System

A

System primarily responsible for water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance and the removal of nitrogen-containing wastes from the blood

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19
Q

Reproductive System

A

Organ system that functions to produce offspring

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20
Q

Responsiveness

A

The ability to sense changes (stimuli) in the environment and then to react to them

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21
Q

Irritability

A

Ability to respond to a stimulus

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22
Q

Digestion

A

The body process of breaking down foods chemically and mechanically

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23
Q

Metabolism

A

The sum total of the chemical reactions that occur in the body

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24
Q

Excretion

A

The elimination of waste products from the body

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25
Q

Receptor

A

A peripheral nerve ending specialized for response to particular types of stimuli

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26
Q

Homeostasis

A

A state of body equilibrium or stable internal environment of the body

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27
Q

Effector

A

An organ, gland, or muscle capable of being activated by nerve endings

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28
Q

Negative Feedback

A

Feedback that causes the stimulus to decline or end

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29
Q

Positive Feedback

A

Feedback that tends to cause a variable to change in the same direction as the initial change; enhances the stimulus

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30
Q

Plantar

A

Pertaining to the sole of the foot

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31
Q

Sagittal Section

A

A longitudinal (vertical) plane that divides the body or any of its parts into right and left portions

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32
Q

Midsagittal Section

A

Specific Sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline

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33
Q

Frontal (coronal) Plane

A

A longitudinal plane that divides the body or an organ into anterior and posterior parts

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34
Q

Transverse Plane

A

Plane that divides the body or it’s parts into superior and inferior portions; also called a cross section

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35
Q

Diaphragm

A

A muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity

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36
Q

Mediastinum

A

The region of the thoracic cavity between the lungs

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37
Q

What parts make up the nervous system?

A

Brain, sensory receptor, spinal cord, nerves

38
Q

What parts make up the endocrine system?

A

Pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, testis, ovary

39
Q

Male Reproductive System

A

Testes produce sperm and make sex hormone; ducts and glands aid in delivery of viable sperm

40
Q

Female Reproductive System

A

Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones; remaining structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus; mammary glands of female breast produce milk to nourish the newborn

41
Q

Lymphatic system parts?

A

Thoracic duct, lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels

42
Q

What are the parts of the respiratory system?

A

Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, lungs

43
Q

What are the parts of the digestive system?

A

Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus

44
Q

What are the parts of the urinary system?

A

Kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra

45
Q

Parts of the male reproductive system?

A

Prostate gland, seminal vesicles, penis, vas deferens, testis, scrotum

46
Q

Parts of the female reproductive system?

A

Mammary glands, uterine tube, ovaries, uterus, vagina

47
Q

Abdominal

A

Anterior body trunk inferior to ribs

48
Q

Acromial

A

Point of shoulder

49
Q

Antebrachial

A

Forearm

50
Q

Antecubital

A

Anterior surface of elbow

51
Q

Ancillary

A

Armpit

52
Q

Brachial

A

Arm

53
Q

Buccal

A

Cheek area

54
Q

Carpal

A

Wrist

55
Q

Cervical

A

Neck region

56
Q

Coxal

A

Hip

57
Q

Crural

A

Leg

58
Q

Superior (cranial or cephalad)

A

Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above

59
Q

Inferior (caudal)

A

Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below

60
Q

Ventral (anterior)

A

Toward or at the front of the body; in front of

61
Q

Dorsal (posterior)

A

Toward or at the backside of the body; behind

62
Q

Medial

A

Toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of

63
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of

64
Q

Intermediate

A

Between a more medial and a more lateral structure

65
Q

Deltoid

A

Curve of shoulder formed by large deltoid muscle

66
Q

Digital

A

Fingers, toes

67
Q

Femoral

A

Thigh

68
Q

Fibular

A

Lateral part of leg

69
Q

Frontal

A

Forehead

70
Q

Inguinal

A

Area where thigh meets body trunk; groin

71
Q

Mental

A

Chin

72
Q

Nasal

A

Nose area

73
Q

Oral

A

Mouth

74
Q

Orbital

A

Eye area

75
Q

Patellar

A

Anterior knee

76
Q

Pelvic

A

Area overlying the pelvis anteriorly

77
Q

Pubic

A

Genital region

78
Q

Sternal

A

Breastbone area

79
Q

Tarsal

A

Ankle region

80
Q

Thoracic

A

Chest

81
Q

Umbilical

A

Navel

82
Q

Calcaneal

A

Heel of foot

83
Q

Cephalic

A

Head

84
Q

Gluteal

A

Buttock

85
Q

Lumbar

A

Area of back between ribs and hips; the loin

86
Q

Occipital

A

Posterior surface of head or base of skull

87
Q

Olecranal

A

Posterior surface of elbow

88
Q

Popliteal

A

Posterior knee area

89
Q

Sacral

A

Area between hips

90
Q

Scapular

A

Shoulder blade region

91
Q

Sural

A

Posterior surface of leg; the calf

92
Q

Vertebral

A

Area of spinal column

BIO 106 (3 decks)

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