Chapter 1 Flashcards
Physiology
The science of the functioning of living organisms
Anatomy
The science of the structure of living organisms
Atoms
The smallest part of an element; invisible by ordinary chemical means
Cell
The basic biological unit of living organisms, enclosed by a limiting membrane; cells in more complex organisms contain a nucleus and a variety of organelles
Tissue
A group of similar cells specializes to perform a specific function; primary tissue types are epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues
Organ
A part of the body formed of two or more tissues that performs a specialized function
Organ System
A group of organs that work together to perform a vital body function
Organism
An individual living thing
What are the 6 levels of structural organization?
- Chemical Level
- Cellular Level
- Tissue Level
- Organ Level
- Organ System Level
- Organismal Level
Integumentary System
The skin and its accessory organs. Protects deeper tissue from injury; synthesizes vitamin D; location of cutaneous receptors and sweat/oil glands
Skeletal System
System of protection and support for body organs composed primarily of bone and cartilage; provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement; blood cells are formed within bones; stores minerals
Muscular System
Organ system consisting of skeletal muscles and their connective tissue attachments; maintains posture; produces heat; allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression
Cardiovascular System
Organ system that distributes blood to all parts of the body
Nervous System
Fast-acting control system that employs nerve impulses to trigger muscle contraction or gland secretion; responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands
Lymphatic System
The lymphatic vessels, and the lymphoid tissues and organs including lymph nodes; picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to the blood; disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream; houses white blood cells involved in immunity
Respiratory System
Organ system that carries out gas exchange through the walls of air sacs in the lungs; includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs; keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
Endocrine System
Body system that includes internal organs that secrete hormones; regulates processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use by body cells
Digestive System
System that processes food into absorbable units and eliminates indigestible wastes
Urinary System
System primarily responsible for water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance and the removal of nitrogen-containing wastes from the blood
Reproductive System
Organ system that functions to produce offspring
Responsiveness
The ability to sense changes (stimuli) in the environment and then to react to them
Irritability
Ability to respond to a stimulus
Digestion
The body process of breaking down foods chemically and mechanically
Metabolism
The sum total of the chemical reactions that occur in the body
Excretion
The elimination of waste products from the body
Receptor
A peripheral nerve ending specialized for response to particular types of stimuli
Homeostasis
A state of body equilibrium or stable internal environment of the body
Effector
An organ, gland, or muscle capable of being activated by nerve endings
Negative Feedback
Feedback that causes the stimulus to decline or end
Positive Feedback
Feedback that tends to cause a variable to change in the same direction as the initial change; enhances the stimulus
Plantar
Pertaining to the sole of the foot
Sagittal Section
A longitudinal (vertical) plane that divides the body or any of its parts into right and left portions
Midsagittal Section
Specific Sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline
Frontal (coronal) Plane
A longitudinal plane that divides the body or an organ into anterior and posterior parts
Transverse Plane
Plane that divides the body or it’s parts into superior and inferior portions; also called a cross section
Diaphragm
A muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity
Mediastinum
The region of the thoracic cavity between the lungs
What parts make up the nervous system?
Brain, sensory receptor, spinal cord, nerves
What parts make up the endocrine system?
Pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, testis, ovary
Male Reproductive System
Testes produce sperm and make sex hormone; ducts and glands aid in delivery of viable sperm
Female Reproductive System
Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones; remaining structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus; mammary glands of female breast produce milk to nourish the newborn
Lymphatic system parts?
Thoracic duct, lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels
What are the parts of the respiratory system?
Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, lungs
What are the parts of the digestive system?
Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus
What are the parts of the urinary system?
Kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra
Parts of the male reproductive system?
Prostate gland, seminal vesicles, penis, vas deferens, testis, scrotum
Parts of the female reproductive system?
Mammary glands, uterine tube, ovaries, uterus, vagina
Abdominal
Anterior body trunk inferior to ribs
Acromial
Point of shoulder
Antebrachial
Forearm
Antecubital
Anterior surface of elbow
Ancillary
Armpit
Brachial
Arm
Buccal
Cheek area
Carpal
Wrist
Cervical
Neck region
Coxal
Hip
Crural
Leg
Superior (cranial or cephalad)
Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above
Inferior (caudal)
Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below
Ventral (anterior)
Toward or at the front of the body; in front of
Dorsal (posterior)
Toward or at the backside of the body; behind
Medial
Toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of
Lateral
Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of
Intermediate
Between a more medial and a more lateral structure
Deltoid
Curve of shoulder formed by large deltoid muscle
Digital
Fingers, toes
Femoral
Thigh
Fibular
Lateral part of leg
Frontal
Forehead
Inguinal
Area where thigh meets body trunk; groin
Mental
Chin
Nasal
Nose area
Oral
Mouth
Orbital
Eye area
Patellar
Anterior knee
Pelvic
Area overlying the pelvis anteriorly
Pubic
Genital region
Sternal
Breastbone area
Tarsal
Ankle region
Thoracic
Chest
Umbilical
Navel
Calcaneal
Heel of foot
Cephalic
Head
Gluteal
Buttock
Lumbar
Area of back between ribs and hips; the loin
Occipital
Posterior surface of head or base of skull
Olecranal
Posterior surface of elbow
Popliteal
Posterior knee area
Sacral
Area between hips
Scapular
Shoulder blade region
Sural
Posterior surface of leg; the calf
Vertebral
Area of spinal column
