chapter 1-2 test 1 Flashcards
Geology
The study of the earth
Catastrophism
earths landscape is shaped by catastrophes over short period of time (17th and 18th century)
Uniformitanism
Earths landscape occurred over many years in cycles- natural world is predictable.
Law of Superposition
Law that the youngest layers of rocks are on the top with the older beneath them.
Principles of Fossil Sucession
fossilized organisms succeed each other one where they are found. Higher in the sediment is younger, lower is older.
How old is earth?
4.6 billion years old
How old is the universe?
13.8 billion years old
Archaeological Geology
Buildings, pottery, strutures
Forensic Geology
murders
Geomorphology
earths surface
hydrogeology
Study of groundwater
paleoclimatology
study of prehistoric climate
paleontology
study of fossils
seismology
study of earthquakes
volcanology
volcanos
James Hutton
Founder of Modern geology. Author of Theory of Earth… in 1795. basically came up with the rock cycle idea.
Relative Dating
no specific time. Just dating based on knowing if one thing is older than another and comparing
Metomorphic
rock undergoes a change from heat or pressure
Igneous
magma cooling/crystalizing
sedimentary
sediments cementing and hardening, through lithification
crust
low density. continental crust, and oceanic crust.
oceanic crust
thinner, basalt
continental crust
thicker, granite
layers of the earth by composition. 3
crust, mantle, core
mantle
high density
core
iron and nickle
layers of the earth. 5
lithosphere: solid and rigid
asthenosphere: solid but mobile
lower mantle: solid
outer core: liquid
inner core: solid
mountain belts
active mountains typically along continental margins
Mid Ocean Ridge. M.O.R.
atlantic ocean
has igneous and basalt
most prominent
goes around the earth all under water, 43,000 miles
magma rises out of the ridge generating more sea floor
a mountain more than one mile high.
divergent boundary
two plates move apart
convergent boundary
plate come together and one subducts
subduciton
one plate sinks under the other. when it sinks it causes heat which causes volcanoes. with trenches right next to it.
transformation boundary (strike/slip fault)
plates slide past eachother. example: san andreas
Alfred Wagner
first proposed that plates were moving. He did not know why they moved so no one believed him.
Till
sediments left behind by a glacier
tillite
when sediments of till are deposited by a glacier, cement and become one. example: long island
Henry Hess
used sonar from WW1 and WW2 to help him study and map the sea floor. He found that the sea floor was spreading therefore because the earth is not growing it must be going somewhere.
volcanic arc
arc of volcanoes on land
islandic arc
island chain of volcanoes. example: Aleutian islands
Proofs of Techtonic plates moving
- drilling into ocean floor
- hot spots and mantle plumes
- paleomagnetism
- measuring plate motion