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Systems > Chapter 1 & 2 - History and Philo > Flashcards

Chapter 1 & 2 - History and Philo Flashcards

1
Q

The intellectual climate of the times. The existing social, economic, and political forces.

A

Zeitgeist

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2
Q

By exploring psychology’s origins and development, we can determine the __________.

A

Nature of Psychology today

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3
Q

What is the distinction between modern psychology and its roots?

A

Modern psychology relies on carefully controlled observation and experimentation to study the human mind.

Philosophical roots studied human nature by speculating, intuiting and generalizing based on personal experience.

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4
Q

social zeitgeist influence

A

influence in personnel selection, psychological testing, and engineering.
relocation of many psychologists from Germany to the US
setting directions on the content of psychological theories

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5
Q

economic zeitgeist influence

A

increased number of trained psychologists since 1900s
funding for psych laboratories
Application of psychology to increasing immigrants

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6
Q

political zeitgeist influence

A

discrimination against women
discrimination based on ethnic origin

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7
Q

Conception of Scientific History; theories can be alive through

A

Personalistic Theory
Naturalistic Theory

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8
Q

focuses on the achievements and contribution of specific individuals

A

Personalistic Theory

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9
Q

focuses on the Zeitgeist, which makes a culture receptive to some ideas but not to others

A

Naturalistic Theory

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10
Q

Schools of Thought
What composes the mind?

A

Structuralism

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11
Q

Schools of Thought
Function of the mind; purpose

A

Functionalism

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12
Q

Schools of Thought
Study what is observable; the mind is not observable

A

Behaviorism

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13
Q

Schools of Thought
Sum of its parts/totality

A

Gestalt

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14
Q

Schools of Thought
Studies the unconscious

A

Psychoanalysis

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15
Q

Schools of Thought
There is something beyond the mind or what people think

A

Humanistic

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16
Q

Schools of Thought
Looking at the tangible parts; short and long-term memory.

A

Cognitive

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17
Q

A doctrine that all natural processes are mechanically determined and are capable of being explained by the laws of physics and chemistry.

A

The Philosophy of Mechanism

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18
Q

Every act is determined or caused by past events.

A

Determinism

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19
Q

Doctrine that explains phenomena on one level (such as complex ideas) in terms of phenomena on another level (such as simple ideas).

A

Reductionism

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20
Q

mechanical contraptions, built to imitate human movement and action, were offered for popular entertainment

A

Automata

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21
Q

Modern schools of thought;
The pursuit of knowledge through the observation of nature and the attribution of all knowledge to experience.

A

Empiricism

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22
Q

Forerunner of empiricism

A

Rene Descartes

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23
Q

The question of the distinction between mental and physical qualities

A

Mind-body problem

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24
Q

The idea that an external object (a stimulus) can bring about an involuntary response.

A

Reflex action theory

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25
Q

produced by the direct application of an external stimulus

A

Derived ideas

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26
Q

arise from the mind or consciousness, independent of sensory experiences or external stimuli.

A

Innate ideas

27
Q

The doctrine that recognizes only natural phenomena or facts that are objectively observable.

A

Positivism

28
Q

The doctrine that considers the facts of the universe to be sufficiently explained in physical terms by the existence and nature of matter.

A

Materialism

29
Q

Believes that world knowledge comes from experience

A

John Locke

30
Q

ideas that came from our sensory experiences and from our reflection; already in its most basic form

A

Simple Ideas

31
Q

sum of simple ideas

A

Complex Ideas

32
Q

the process when we link simple ideas to form a complex idea.

A

Association

33
Q

qualities that are obvious; inherent

A

Primary Qualities

34
Q

qualities that need someone’s perception

A

Secondary Qualities

35
Q

believes that all knowledge depends on how it is experienced by a person

A

George Berkeley

36
Q

emphasis on purely mental phenomena; contrary to primary and secondary qualities

A

Mentalism

37
Q

linking up different sensations (simple ideas)

A

Associations of senses

37
Q

Who referred to early philosophical approaches as the “prehistory” of modern psychology?

A

Kurt Danziger

38
Q

Beliefs of David Hartley

A

in order to build association among our ideas and sensations, it needs repetition; nerves as solid structures and that vibrations are processes of transmitting impulse from the brain to the body

38
Q

What is Historiography?

A

The principles, methods, and philosophical
issues of historical research.

39
Q

Believes that the mind was nothing more than a machine; our minds are predictable depending on the external physical forces and by our internal physical forces, making them automatic

A

James Mill

39
Q

What is the distinctive contrasting feature of data of history and data of science?

A

Data of science is generated through constructed situations or established conditions that can be reconstructed or replicated and later verified through establishing similar conditions and repeating observations.

Data of history cannot be reconstructed or replicated as these situations occurred in the past and historians may not have bothered to record the details and particulars of events accurately.

40
Q

He was the one who advanced the discussion of complex ideas into creative synthesis

A

John Stuart Mill

40
Q

(Lost or Suppressed Data)
Who systematically burned his letters, manuscripts, and research notes in order to destroy the entire record of his life and career?

A

John B. Watson

40
Q

Example of (Data Distorted in Translation)

A

Freud’s “free association”:

where “association” implies a connection between one idea or thought and another

unlike his German term “einfall” means intrusion or invasion, describing it as more of denoting something from the unconscious mind that is uncontrollably intruding conscious thought.

40
Q

What is (Self-Serving Data)?

A

Occurs when people consciously or unconsciously produce biased accounts to protect themselves or enhance their public image.

40
Q

(Economic Opportunity) By 1900

A

3 times as many psychologists with doctoral degrees as there were labs to employ them.

41
Q

when our brains take old ideas and mix them up in a new way to come up with something new.

A

Creative synthesis

41
Q

What are the contextual forces that influenced psychology’s past and continue to shape its present and future?

A

Economic opportunity
World Wars
Prejudice
Discrimination

42
Q

(World Wars) Where did experimental psychology begin?

A

Germany

43
Q

(World Wars) Where is the birthplace of psychoanalysis?

A

Austria

44
Q

(World Wars) Who proposed that aggression was a significant motivating force for human personality?

A

Sigmund Freud

45
Q

(Prejudice and Discrimination) Overview of the discrimination against women

A
  • denied admission to graduate school
  • excluded from faculty positions
  • paid lower salaries than men
  • barriers to promotion and tenure
  • refused to hire married women (reasoning: women were considered incapable of managing both a husband and a teaching career)
46
Q

Empiricism to Psychology

A

methods for considering these problems became atomistic, mechanistic, and positivistic

47
Q

Gordon Allport told her that Harvard loathed accepting women when recalling her admission interview for graduate school.

A

Sandra Scarr

48
Q

(Prejudice and Discrimination) By the beginning of the twentieth century

A

20 women earned doctoral degrees in psychology

49
Q

(Prejudice and Discrimination) Who nominated two women for membership in the APA’s second annual meeting in 1893?

A

Cattel

50
Q

(Prejudice and Discrimination) Who was APA’s first woman president?

A

Mary Whiton Calkins

51
Q

(Prejudice and Discrimination) Overview of the discrimination based on ethnic origin

A

Jews:
- only accepted in 10 to 15 percent (Harvard policy in the 1920s)
- segregated
- not allowed to join fraternities or prestigious dining and social clubs
- experience antisemitism
- excluded from faculty positions
- academic jobs were rare

African Americans / Black:
- only four black colleges in the US offered UG programs in psychology
- confronted barriers to achievement
- not allowed to live on campus (1930s-1940s)

52
Q

(Prejudice and Discrimination) Who was urged by professors and the University of Wisconsin to change his first name to “something less obviously Jewish”?

A

Abraham Maslow

53
Q

(Prejudice and Discrimination) Who was arranged a separate table in the dining hall of Clark University?

A

Francis Sumner

54
Q

(Prejudice and Discrimination) Which university was also known as the “Black Harvard”?

A

Howard University

55
Q

(Prejudice and Discrimination) Who was the first black woman to earn a Ph.D in Psychology in 1933?

A

Inez Beverly Prosser

56
Q

(Prejudice and Discrimination) Who was the first African American to earn a doctoral degree from Columbia University and first to receive permanent professorship at the City College of New York in 1940?

A

Kenneth Clark

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