Chapter 1 & 2 - History and Philo Flashcards
The intellectual climate of the times. The existing social, economic, and political forces.
Zeitgeist
By exploring psychology’s origins and development, we can determine the __________.
Nature of Psychology today
What is the distinction between modern psychology and its roots?
Modern psychology relies on carefully controlled observation and experimentation to study the human mind.
Philosophical roots studied human nature by speculating, intuiting and generalizing based on personal experience.
social zeitgeist influence
influence in personnel selection, psychological testing, and engineering.
relocation of many psychologists from Germany to the US
setting directions on the content of psychological theories
economic zeitgeist influence
increased number of trained psychologists since 1900s
funding for psych laboratories
Application of psychology to increasing immigrants
political zeitgeist influence
discrimination against women
discrimination based on ethnic origin
Conception of Scientific History; theories can be alive through
Personalistic Theory
Naturalistic Theory
focuses on the achievements and contribution of specific individuals
Personalistic Theory
focuses on the Zeitgeist, which makes a culture receptive to some ideas but not to others
Naturalistic Theory
Schools of Thought
What composes the mind?
Structuralism
Schools of Thought
Function of the mind; purpose
Functionalism
Schools of Thought
Study what is observable; the mind is not observable
Behaviorism
Schools of Thought
Sum of its parts/totality
Gestalt
Schools of Thought
Studies the unconscious
Psychoanalysis
Schools of Thought
There is something beyond the mind or what people think
Humanistic
Schools of Thought
Looking at the tangible parts; short and long-term memory.
Cognitive
A doctrine that all natural processes are mechanically determined and are capable of being explained by the laws of physics and chemistry.
The Philosophy of Mechanism
Every act is determined or caused by past events.
Determinism
Doctrine that explains phenomena on one level (such as complex ideas) in terms of phenomena on another level (such as simple ideas).
Reductionism
mechanical contraptions, built to imitate human movement and action, were offered for popular entertainment
Automata
Modern schools of thought;
The pursuit of knowledge through the observation of nature and the attribution of all knowledge to experience.
Empiricism
Forerunner of empiricism
Rene Descartes
The question of the distinction between mental and physical qualities
Mind-body problem
The idea that an external object (a stimulus) can bring about an involuntary response.
Reflex action theory
produced by the direct application of an external stimulus
Derived ideas
arise from the mind or consciousness, independent of sensory experiences or external stimuli.
Innate ideas
The doctrine that recognizes only natural phenomena or facts that are objectively observable.
Positivism
The doctrine that considers the facts of the universe to be sufficiently explained in physical terms by the existence and nature of matter.
Materialism
Believes that world knowledge comes from experience
John Locke
ideas that came from our sensory experiences and from our reflection; already in its most basic form
Simple Ideas
sum of simple ideas
Complex Ideas
the process when we link simple ideas to form a complex idea.
Association
qualities that are obvious; inherent
Primary Qualities
qualities that need someone’s perception
Secondary Qualities
believes that all knowledge depends on how it is experienced by a person
George Berkeley
emphasis on purely mental phenomena; contrary to primary and secondary qualities
Mentalism
linking up different sensations (simple ideas)
Associations of senses
Who referred to early philosophical approaches as the “prehistory” of modern psychology?
Kurt Danziger
Beliefs of David Hartley
in order to build association among our ideas and sensations, it needs repetition; nerves as solid structures and that vibrations are processes of transmitting impulse from the brain to the body
What is Historiography?
The principles, methods, and philosophical
issues of historical research.
Believes that the mind was nothing more than a machine; our minds are predictable depending on the external physical forces and by our internal physical forces, making them automatic
James Mill
What is the distinctive contrasting feature of data of history and data of science?
Data of science is generated through constructed situations or established conditions that can be reconstructed or replicated and later verified through establishing similar conditions and repeating observations.
Data of history cannot be reconstructed or replicated as these situations occurred in the past and historians may not have bothered to record the details and particulars of events accurately.
He was the one who advanced the discussion of complex ideas into creative synthesis
John Stuart Mill
(Lost or Suppressed Data)
Who systematically burned his letters, manuscripts, and research notes in order to destroy the entire record of his life and career?
John B. Watson
Example of (Data Distorted in Translation)
Freud’s “free association”:
where “association” implies a connection between one idea or thought and another
unlike his German term “einfall” means intrusion or invasion, describing it as more of denoting something from the unconscious mind that is uncontrollably intruding conscious thought.
What is (Self-Serving Data)?
Occurs when people consciously or unconsciously produce biased accounts to protect themselves or enhance their public image.
(Economic Opportunity) By 1900
3 times as many psychologists with doctoral degrees as there were labs to employ them.
when our brains take old ideas and mix them up in a new way to come up with something new.
Creative synthesis
What are the contextual forces that influenced psychology’s past and continue to shape its present and future?
Economic opportunity
World Wars
Prejudice
Discrimination
(World Wars) Where did experimental psychology begin?
Germany
(World Wars) Where is the birthplace of psychoanalysis?
Austria
(World Wars) Who proposed that aggression was a significant motivating force for human personality?
Sigmund Freud
(Prejudice and Discrimination) Overview of the discrimination against women
- denied admission to graduate school
- excluded from faculty positions
- paid lower salaries than men
- barriers to promotion and tenure
- refused to hire married women (reasoning: women were considered incapable of managing both a husband and a teaching career)
Empiricism to Psychology
methods for considering these problems became atomistic, mechanistic, and positivistic
Gordon Allport told her that Harvard loathed accepting women when recalling her admission interview for graduate school.
Sandra Scarr
(Prejudice and Discrimination) By the beginning of the twentieth century
20 women earned doctoral degrees in psychology
(Prejudice and Discrimination) Who nominated two women for membership in the APA’s second annual meeting in 1893?
Cattel
(Prejudice and Discrimination) Who was APA’s first woman president?
Mary Whiton Calkins
(Prejudice and Discrimination) Overview of the discrimination based on ethnic origin
Jews:
- only accepted in 10 to 15 percent (Harvard policy in the 1920s)
- segregated
- not allowed to join fraternities or prestigious dining and social clubs
- experience antisemitism
- excluded from faculty positions
- academic jobs were rare
African Americans / Black:
- only four black colleges in the US offered UG programs in psychology
- confronted barriers to achievement
- not allowed to live on campus (1930s-1940s)
(Prejudice and Discrimination) Who was urged by professors and the University of Wisconsin to change his first name to “something less obviously Jewish”?
Abraham Maslow
(Prejudice and Discrimination) Who was arranged a separate table in the dining hall of Clark University?
Francis Sumner
(Prejudice and Discrimination) Which university was also known as the “Black Harvard”?
Howard University
(Prejudice and Discrimination) Who was the first black woman to earn a Ph.D in Psychology in 1933?
Inez Beverly Prosser
(Prejudice and Discrimination) Who was the first African American to earn a doctoral degree from Columbia University and first to receive permanent professorship at the City College of New York in 1940?
Kenneth Clark
