Chapter 1 & 2 Flashcards
The earliest knowing hearing aids were produced around:
they consisted of a ?
before then: ear trumpets: - - - speaking? vibrating?
1900
carbon microphone, battery and an earphone
acoustic thrones acoustic fans acoustic hats -speaking tubes -vibrating devices
The father of audiology:
he earned degrees in?
he taught at?
in 1946 he developed and offered the first ?
Raymond Carhart (1912-1975)
speech pathology, experimental phonetics, and psychology
course in audiology at Norhtwestern
Two major prof. org.
american speech language pathology hearing association ASHA
american academy of audiology AAA
what do audiologists do?
identification and quantification of ?
differential diagnosis of ?
non-medical treatment of ?
not all audiologists perform ? many audiologists specialize in ?
hearing impairment, balance disorders, and tinnitus
hearing impairment, balance and tinnitus
same^
all of these activities/ assessing or treating a specific type of disorder or specific type of patient
education:
the doctoral degree ? is now the required ?
audiologists with MA or MS degrees may be ?
- complete
- complete
- pass
AuD or PhD / entry-level for professional certification
grandfathered in and allowed to keep their previous licensure or certification
university coursework
approx. 2000 clinical practicum hours
national exam
sound is ?
sound is caused by?
sound travels in ?
energy
vibration
waves (in all directions)
sound waves:
object vibration causes changes in?
positive (higher) pressure results from ?
negative (lower) pressure results from ?
air pressure
compression of air molecules
decompression (rarefaction) of air molecules
Types of Waves:
transverse: molecular motion is ?
longitudinal: molecular motion is
sine (Sinusoidal):
perpendicular to the axis of the wave motion
on the same axis as the wave motion
vibration of a single frequency
Wavelength and Amplitude:
wavelength: distance between ?
amplitude: extent of ?
as frequency goes up
exact same point ( in degrees) on two successive cycles of a tone
vibratory movement of a mass from its position of rest to that point farthest from the position of rest
wavelength decreases
free vibration versus forced vibration
heavy damping
when no outside force is added to perpetuate swinging
when outside force is added
causes oscillations to cease
phase: the relationship ?
in time between two or more waves
Phase interaction:
combining sound waves that are exactly in phase results in?
combining sound waves that are exactly 180 degrees out of phase results in ?
combining sound waves with different phase relationships ?
increased amplitude
reduced amplitude
results in varying effects
sound is described by ?
frequency is related to the number of ?
intensity is related to the ?
frequency and intensity
cycles per second of the signal
amplitude of the signal (the power or pressure)
Frequency:
sound is measured in ? in old literature you may also see it measured as
the healthy human ear is sensitive to frequencies between?
pitch not exactly the same as? pitch is the ?
Hertz; cycles per second (cps)
20 and 20,000 Hz
frequency; psychosocial correlate of frequency
Mass, Stiffness, Length
mass and frequency are ?
stiffness and frequency are ?
the length of a pendulum and frequency are?
inversely related
directly related
inversely related
natural rate of vibration of a mass is called its
resonant frequency
Simple and Complex Sounds:
there are very few ?
most sounds are ? containing energy with different ?
using fourier analysis we can ? the various components of a complex wave
naturally occurring pure tones
complex/ frequencies, amplitudes, and phase relationships
deconstruct
Intensity:
measured in?
the decibel is a ? not an ?
so 0 dB does NOT mean?
the healthy human ear is sensitive to intensity levels between about:
loudness is not exactly the same as intensity: it is the ?
decibels (dB)
relative measure/ absolute measure / absence of sound
-10 and +140 dB
psychophysical correlate of intensity
Decibels: the decibel is a ? there are several different kinds of decibels including:
decibels sound pressure level refers to ?
decibels hearing level refers to ?
decibels sensation level refers to ?
ratio
decibels measured with a sound level meter
decibels measured with an audiometer
decibels above a certain threshold level
decibels are ? not?
this means decibels SPL or HL cannot be ?
Here’s an example:
i have two identical noise sources
each produces 40 dB
together they produce ?
logarithmic, not linear
added or subtracted directly
43 dB not 80 dB
you do have to do some addition and subtraction however, to calculate decibels sensation level dB SL
here’s an example
the patients threshold at 1000 Hz is 50 dB HL
you present a tone at 60 dB HL
the tone is 10 dB above the patient’s hearing threshold so it is ?
10 dB SL
Localization is the ability to ?
in humans the localization ability is a ?
according to your textbook “ the greatest single contributors to our ability to localize are ?
locate a sound source
complex phenomenon resulting from the interaction of both ears
interaural phase differences in the low frequencies ( below 1500 Hz) and intensity differences in the higher frequencies
Masking:
if two sounds occur at the same time, one sound may ?
this is called?
masking is frequently employed as part of an ?
interfere with the perception of the other sound
masking
audiometric evaluation
Impedance:
impedance is the ?
-
opposition to energy transmission
simple resistance (R)
complex resistance (reactance)
-mass reactance
-stiffness reactance
