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Audiology > Chapter 1 & 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 & 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The earliest knowing hearing aids were produced around:
they consisted of a ?

before then:
ear trumpets: 
-
-
-
speaking?
vibrating?
A

1900

carbon microphone, battery and an earphone

acoustic thrones
acoustic fans
acoustic hats 
-speaking tubes
-vibrating devices
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2
Q

The father of audiology:

he earned degrees in?

he taught at?

in 1946 he developed and offered the first ?

A

Raymond Carhart (1912-1975)

speech pathology, experimental phonetics, and psychology

course in audiology at Norhtwestern

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3
Q

Two major prof. org.

A

american speech language pathology hearing association ASHA

american academy of audiology AAA

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4
Q

what do audiologists do?

identification and quantification of ?

differential diagnosis of ?

non-medical treatment of ?

not all audiologists perform ? many audiologists specialize in ?

A

hearing impairment, balance disorders, and tinnitus

hearing impairment, balance and tinnitus

same^

all of these activities/ assessing or treating a specific type of disorder or specific type of patient

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5
Q

education:

the doctoral degree ? is now the required ?

audiologists with MA or MS degrees may be ?

  • complete
  • complete
  • pass
A

AuD or PhD / entry-level for professional certification

grandfathered in and allowed to keep their previous licensure or certification

university coursework
approx. 2000 clinical practicum hours
national exam

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6
Q

sound is ?
sound is caused by?
sound travels in ?

A

energy
vibration
waves (in all directions)

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7
Q

sound waves:

object vibration causes changes in?

positive (higher) pressure results from ?

negative (lower) pressure results from ?

A

air pressure

compression of air molecules

decompression (rarefaction) of air molecules

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8
Q

Types of Waves:

transverse: molecular motion is ?
longitudinal: molecular motion is

sine (Sinusoidal):

A

perpendicular to the axis of the wave motion

on the same axis as the wave motion

vibration of a single frequency

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9
Q

Wavelength and Amplitude:

wavelength: distance between ?
amplitude: extent of ?

as frequency goes up

A

exact same point ( in degrees) on two successive cycles of a tone

vibratory movement of a mass from its position of rest to that point farthest from the position of rest

wavelength decreases

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10
Q

free vibration versus forced vibration

heavy damping

A

when no outside force is added to perpetuate swinging

when outside force is added

causes oscillations to cease

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11
Q

phase: the relationship ?

A

in time between two or more waves

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12
Q

Phase interaction:

combining sound waves that are exactly in phase results in?

combining sound waves that are exactly 180 degrees out of phase results in ?

combining sound waves with different phase relationships ?

A

increased amplitude

reduced amplitude

results in varying effects

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13
Q

sound is described by ?

frequency is related to the number of ?

intensity is related to the ?

A

frequency and intensity

cycles per second of the signal

amplitude of the signal (the power or pressure)

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14
Q

Frequency:

sound is measured in ? in old literature you may also see it measured as

the healthy human ear is sensitive to frequencies between?

pitch not exactly the same as? pitch is the ?

A

Hertz; cycles per second (cps)

20 and 20,000 Hz

frequency; psychosocial correlate of frequency

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15
Q

Mass, Stiffness, Length

mass and frequency are ?

stiffness and frequency are ?

the length of a pendulum and frequency are?

A

inversely related

directly related

inversely related

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16
Q

natural rate of vibration of a mass is called its

A

resonant frequency

17
Q

Simple and Complex Sounds:

there are very few ?

most sounds are ? containing energy with different ?

using fourier analysis we can ? the various components of a complex wave

A

naturally occurring pure tones

complex/ frequencies, amplitudes, and phase relationships

deconstruct

18
Q

Intensity:

measured in?

the decibel is a ? not an ?
so 0 dB does NOT mean?

the healthy human ear is sensitive to intensity levels between about:

loudness is not exactly the same as intensity: it is the ?

A

decibels (dB)

relative measure/ absolute measure / absence of sound

-10 and +140 dB

psychophysical correlate of intensity

19
Q

Decibels: the decibel is a ? there are several different kinds of decibels including:

decibels sound pressure level refers to ?

decibels hearing level refers to ?

decibels sensation level refers to ?

A

ratio

decibels measured with a sound level meter

decibels measured with an audiometer

decibels above a certain threshold level

20
Q

decibels are ? not?

this means decibels SPL or HL cannot be ?

Here’s an example:
i have two identical noise sources
each produces 40 dB
together they produce ?

A

logarithmic, not linear

added or subtracted directly

43 dB not 80 dB

21
Q

you do have to do some addition and subtraction however, to calculate decibels sensation level dB SL

here’s an example
the patients threshold at 1000 Hz is 50 dB HL
you present a tone at 60 dB HL
the tone is 10 dB above the patient’s hearing threshold so it is ?

A

10 dB SL

22
Q

Localization is the ability to ?

in humans the localization ability is a ?

according to your textbook “ the greatest single contributors to our ability to localize are ?

A

locate a sound source

complex phenomenon resulting from the interaction of both ears

interaural phase differences in the low frequencies ( below 1500 Hz) and intensity differences in the higher frequencies

23
Q

Masking:
if two sounds occur at the same time, one sound may ?
this is called?
masking is frequently employed as part of an ?

A

interfere with the perception of the other sound

masking

audiometric evaluation

24
Q

Impedance:
impedance is the ?

-

A

opposition to energy transmission

simple resistance (R)
complex resistance (reactance)
-mass reactance
-stiffness reactance

25
Q

Basic Sound Equipment:
sound level meter: device used to measure

Audiometer: device used to measure a persons ?

  • earphone
  • insert phone
  • bone oscillator
  • loudspeaker

artificial ear: device used to measure the ?

artificial mastoid: device used to measure the

A

sound intensity

hearing acuity

  • fits over the patient’s ear and delivers sound
  • fits inside the patient’s ear and delivers sound
  • vibrator that fits on the mastoid bone behind the patient’s ear and delivers sound
  • delivers sound into the soundfield

output of an audiometer’s earphones during calibration

output of an audiometer’s bone oscillator during calibration

Audiology (4 decks)

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