Chapter 1&2

Question 1

What is Senescence

Answer 1

The process of growing old or deterioration with age

Question 2

What is Sarcopenia

Answer 2

A type of muscle loss that occurs with aging and/or immobility and is the degenerative loss of skeletal muscle mass, quality, and strength. The rate of muscle loss is dependent on exercise level, nutrition and other factors

Question 3

What % of the older population may experience sarcopenia?

Answer 3

50%

Question 4

What is the impact of having Sarcopenia

Answer 4

There is a decrease in muscular fibre size and number of muscle fibres
There is a loss of muscle mass
Affects muscular strength and power
Muscle atrophy that is a natural part of aging
It will have a negative effect on strength

Question 5

Frailty

Answer 5

Functional impairment. A clinically recognizable state of older adults with increased vulnerability.

Question 6

Types of Frailty

Answer 6

impaired muscle function
decreased bone strength
reduced joint mobility
decreased cardiovascular function
poor gait or posture control

Question 7

thermo-regulation?

Answer 7

A mechanism by which humans (and other mammals) maintain body temperature.

Question 8

How to recognize good thermoregulation

Answer 8

Sweating during exercise

Question 9

After 25, VO2 max changes by approximately

Answer 9

5-15%

Question 10

What are natural changes that occur in the body with age

Answer 10

bone mass decreases neurological functions slow down

Question 11

Define Cardio Output

Answer 11

stroke volume x heart rate and
the amount of blood your heart pumps each minute

Question 12

cardiac system changes with age

Answer 12

decreased cardiac output

Question 13

reason for increase in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure during both exercise and rest

Answer 13

there is a decrease in arterial compliance and an increase in arterial stiffness

Question 14

Which muscle fibre decreases with age (fast or slow)

Answer 14

Fast twitch muscle fibre

Question 15

Isometric exercise

Answer 15

when the muscle has tension but there is no change in the muscles length.

Question 15

What is sensory conflict

Answer 15

A mismatch of senses that can cause nausea attributed to motion sickness.
A conflict between the eyes and vestibular (inner ear) that can cause nausea and dizziness

Question 15

Benefit of isometric exercises

Answer 15

can be a good choice when a person has arthritis pain in the joints

Question 16

with aging the strength of the thoracic muscles affect

Answer 16

pulmonary function

Question 17

Older adults should work up to resistance training exercise within this range

Answer 17

75-80% 1RM (one-rep max)

Question 18

What is Gerontology

Answer 18

the study of the changes that take place in the process of agin

Question 19

What is Social Gerontology

Answer 19

improving the interactions between older adults and the rest of the world
improving interaction between older adults and health care professionals
the social aspect of growing old

Question 20

Reactive control

Answer 20

using feedback to initiate corrective movement

Question 21

What percentage of bone mass and bone mineral content is lost for woman starting at age 35

Answer 21

1% / year

Question 22

What changes take place in the respiratory system happen with age

Answer 22

Decrease in lung capacity of 40%-50% due to elasticity of the lungs
Increase in residual volume (the volume of air remaining in the lungs) is 30%-50%. This means less air is used during respiration.
Increase in chest wall stiffness, decreasing the ability to take in air
Decrease in respiratory muscle (diaphragm, intercostals) strength
Decrease of 50% maximum voluntary ventilation (the maximum amount of air that can be inhaled and exhaled in

Question 23

What is RPE

Answer 23

Rate of perceived exertion, a way to measure the intensity of workout.

Question 24

Why is RPE or the Talk Test a better option than heart rate monitoring during exercise

Answer 24

Older adults have a slower HR than younger participants 1/1
It may be difficult for them to find their HR after exercise
Some medication can affect/alter the HR thus giving you a false reading

Question 25

What are the changes to the nervous system with age

Answer 25

With aging there are changes in balance, coordination and agility resulting from decreased efficiency of the nervous system.

Question 26

What is functional capacity (VO2 max)

Answer 26

Functional capacity (VO2 max) decreases by up to 1%/yr, after 25. With age, our maximal HR decreases, the body’s ability to take in oxygen at the cellular level. Functional capacity depends the hemoglobin taking in and transporting oxygen through the bloodstream; cardiac output (the product of heart rate and stroke volume); and the amount of myoglobin in cells.

Question 27

What percentage of muscle mass and strength is lost between 50-65 yrs old

Answer 27

Muscle mass and strength decline by up to 30%