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Chapter 1 + 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Forensic Psychology

A

An interdisciplinary branch of psychology that involves the application and production of psychological knowledge to problems, issues, and circumstances in the civil and criminal justice systems.

First Branch: Research
Applying psychology to understanding criminal/legal behavior
How do you reduce crime? Can you appraise risk and dangerousness? Can you help reform and help people make changes?
Second Branch: Cases
Expert testimony, judge, eyewitness testimony, civil suits

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2
Q

What are the two areas of the legal system

A

Civil and Criminal

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3
Q

What is a civil law?

A

private law; disputes between private parties. Does not involve a violation of the Criminal Code
Example: renovations done in house, doesn’t like the work, doesn’t want to pay, contractor sues, etc…

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4
Q

What is criminal law?

A

public law; the government enforces the rights and interests of the public; involves a violation of the Criminal Code
Maintain justice, support victim rights, avoid victimization

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5
Q

What is correctional or criminal justice psychology

A

The “criminal” prong of forensic psychology
Study of the psychological causes and correlates of criminal behavior
Applications of this psychological knowledge to offenders in justice settings

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6
Q

Definition of Criminal Behavior

A

“an intentional act in the violation of the criminal law committed without defense or excuse, and penalized by the justice system as a summary conviction or indictable offense”

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7
Q

Summary conviction

A

minor offense

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8
Q

Indictable offense

A

major offense

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9
Q

Hybrid offense

A

a mix of a summary and indictable offence (a theft in which someone was harmed)

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10
Q

Criminal Behaviour Criteria

A

1) Behavior must be intentional - without defense or excuse
2) Involves the violation of criminal code
3) Person must be able to discern right from wrong to appreciate that the act was illegal

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11
Q

Sociological Conceptions of Crime

A

Emphases placed on demographic and group correlates of crime (SAUCER).
Sex, age, urbanity, class, ethnicity, religion
Groups of society as a whole and how they influence criminal activity
* e.g., unequal power distribution in society

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12
Q

Examples of sociologist aspects involved in crime risk factors

A

Young people commit more crime
Crime can be associated with the above factors
Poverty - can be a risk factor for offense - a catalyst for criminal behaviour - does not CAUSE criminal behavior - needs other variables

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13
Q

Psychologist Conceptions of Crime

A

Emphases placed on individual differences in variables that contribute to criminal conduct
E.g., antisocial attitudes and values, negative peers, etc.

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14
Q

Example of psychological vs sociological conceptions of crime

A

What makes someone drive recklessly?
Society’s norms - not enough rules, etc. - sociology
OR
Reckless personality - psychology

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15
Q

Big Four

A

History of antisocial behaviour
Antisocial personality pattern
antisocial attitudes
antisocial associates

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16
Q

history of antisocial attitudes

A

being reckless on the road, committing crime, etc
Best predictor of future behaviour is past behaviour
Prison is a deterrent for low risk behaviour

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17
Q

Antiosocial personality pattern

A

Antisocial personality disorder vs psychopathy
Prone to getting in fights, deceitful, etc

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18
Q

sntisocial attitudes

A

Not having values and morals in desperate situations- no impulse control - think about stealing money example

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19
Q

antisocial associates

A

People who associations with people who commit crime

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20
Q

Big 8

A

History of antisocial behaviour
Antisocial personality pattern
antisocial attitudes
antisocial associates
family/martial
employment/education
leisure/recreation
substance abuse

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21
Q

employment and education

A

can be a big risk too along with the big Four
Do they have a higher education ? A purpose relating to work or school?

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22
Q

lesiure and recreation

A

involved past time

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23
Q

substance abuse

A

Drug and alcohol use - trafficking trade
Can be inhibitor that unleashes attitude
Chemical or psychical

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24
Q

Personal Interpersonal Comuunity Reinforcement Model

A

The personal, interpersonal, and community-reinforcement (PIC-R) perspective on deviant behavior considers factors which actively encourage as well as discourage deviant activity, using knowledge from life and the social sciences. It combines social learning theory and personality theory - situational, personal, interpersonal, and community to explain what motivates or discourves someone to commit crime

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25
Q

General Personality and Cognitive Social Learning theory of criminal behaviour

A

The theory suggests that humans learn behaviors by observing others and choosing which behaviors to imitate. Behaviors that are rewarded are more likely to be repeated, whereas behaviors that are punished are less likely to be repeated.

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26
Q

correctional officer

A

guard offenders and detainees and maintain order in correctional institutions and other places of detention.

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27
Q

parole and probation officer

A

A probation or parole officer is an official appointed or sworn to investigate, report on, and supervise the conduct of convicted offenders on probation or those released from incarceration to community supervision such as parole.

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28
Q

psychiatry nurses

A

provides counselling or therapy

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29
Q

professor

A

research/teaching OR clinical training component

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30
Q

government - admin

A

cheif of psych department

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31
Q

allied health professions

A

forensic nursing, social work, addictions

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32
Q

psychological understanding of criminal behaviour is interested in…

A

intra-individual factors (individual across time)
inter-individual factors (different individuals)

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33
Q

forensic psychology vs correctional psychology

A

clinical psych in the legal system vs more crime related issues

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34
Q

Where does knowledge about crime rates come from

A

official police reports, unofficial surveys, crime prevalance rate, crime funnel, crime severity index

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35
Q

Is crime increasing in Canada

A

increasing 1992-95
decrasing to 2015
increasing to 2019
decreaing to 2020

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36
Q

covid affect on crime rates

A

IPV and hate crimes increase
property and gun violence decreased
child pornso increased
domestic disturbance increased

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37
Q

incidence rate

A

reflect the number of criminal incidents reported to police as a function of the population

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38
Q

crime prevelance rate

A

proportion of a population found to be involved in crime - 5301/100,000

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39
Q

length of sentence

A

47% last 1 month
men longer than women
sentence time also relates to how much correctional behaviour can be learnt

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40
Q

crime funnel

A

how many people eventually go to prision following a police reported criminal incident
- a very small percentage

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41
Q

crime severity index

A

measures police reported crime in canada
tracks change in volume of a crime and its relative seriousness VS just counting the number of reported sentence - both end up being same rate
accounts for the weight of a crime

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42
Q

how is a crime weighed according to the crime severity index

A

incarceration rate + average length of sentence
updates every 5 years
standardized at 0

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43
Q

nature of police reported crime

A

24 non violent 76 violent - 2020
- common assault
impaired driving
theft
youth - failure to comply with order
only 0.2% homicide

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44
Q

legal definiton of crime

A

prohibited and punishable by state

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45
Q

moral defnition of crime

A

violation of religion and punishable by God

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46
Q

social definiton of crime

A

violation of norms and punishable by community

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47
Q

psych definiton of crime

A

rewarding to the prepetator and harmful to others

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48
Q

crime definiton

A

intentional behaviour that violates a criminal code, intentional in that it did not occur accidentally without justification or excuse

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49
Q

what is crime

A

diff defintions/tolerance = diff rates f=of crime across countries

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50
Q

factors used to describe crime

A

motivation
politics
context
oppurtunity
social convention

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51
Q

variation of crime across provinces

A

North + West = more crime
overrepersentation of Indigenous people - northwest territories

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52
Q

crime rates by gender or race

A

only compiled crime statistice as a function of gender nOT race

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53
Q

internatoinal context of crime

A

Canada is lower than US but above average in western and european countries

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54
Q

cost of crime

A

42.4 billion - 1998
emotional loss, trauma, etc

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55
Q

administration of criminal sanctions in canada

A

< 2 years - provincial + youth who are awaiting trial
> 2 years 0 federal - if parole is revoked they will return
sex crimes - long term offender

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56
Q

crime victimization surveys

A

some is unreported - good way to check crime rates
every 5 years

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57
Q

GPCSL

A

theory of crime associated with learning - takes into account for historical (past, attitudes, etc) and immediate (personal, community, etc.) which effects decision to engage in criminal behaviour

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58
Q

Methodology used in assesing crime and recidivism

A

Metanalysis, randomized control designs, longitducal research, cross sectional

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59
Q

Metanalysis

A

results of individual studies to develop one average effect
all studies are not weighted equally
reports a weighted average

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60
Q

Effect Sizes

A

indicating the degree of the relationship between 2 variables - tells us how different 2 variables are which and shows how significant they’re relationship is

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61
Q

what’s the difference between t-test/f-test and effect sizes?

A

tests show you groups of difference but doesn’t tell us how different they are while effect sizes do answer that

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62
Q

which effect size process to use when you have 2 dichotomous variables

A

phi correlation/odds ratio

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63
Q

which effect size process to use when you have 1 continous and 1 dichotomous variable

A

AOC in ROC analysees, Cohens D, correlation B, coefficent from logistic regration

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64
Q

How to measure predictive accuracy

A

Reciever Operating Characteristic (ROC) - accuracy of risk assesment by testing false and true positive across decision thresholds

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65
Q

How does ROC work

A

1) for each possible cut off value - one can plot the fake positive rate (x axis) as a function of the true positive rate
2) measure the AUC - overall measure of accuracy

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66
Q

AUC guidelines

A
  • ranges from .50 (change accuracy) - 100 (perfect accuracy)
  • ex: 0.80 = 80% chance a randomly selected recidivist will have a higher risk score than a randomly selected non recidivist
    anything bigger than 80% is good
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67
Q

distal causes of crime

A

historical

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68
Q

proximal causes of crime

A

immediate

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69
Q

when is a cross sectional study used

A

when we cannot figure out which variable comes first so we refer to the variable as a correlate
example: interviewing prisoners to see if they have depression

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70
Q

when are longitudinal studies used

A

whether the correlate is also a risk factor - depression has to preced crime to be a risk factor - and has to be significant and positive
- but not causal factors

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71
Q

randomized control designs

A

determine causality
- confirmed by meta analysis
- strongest effect sizes
central 8 - tentative causal factors

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72
Q

1 static risk factor is

A

history of criminal past - since history cannot be changes through intervention

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73
Q

7 dynamic risk factors/criminogenic needs

A

can be reduced through interventionw

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74
Q

what does not predict crime

A
  1. persona/emotional distress
  2. low self esteem
  3. major mental health disorder
  4. physical health
  5. fear of punishment
  6. low intelligence
  7. socioeconomic status of origin
  8. seriousness of the current offence
    - dynamic
    - can change by treatment
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75
Q

risk assesment

A

assesing a justice impacted person’s risk to offend

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76
Q

what does a risk assesment included

A
  • combinaton of statis, dynamic, and protective risk factirs
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77
Q

protective factors

A

positive attributes that a person has that reduces reoffending even if more risk factors are present

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78
Q

specific responsivity factors

A

additional facilitators and barriers

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79
Q

RNR - risk need responsivity

A

successful rehab framworks
more risk to offend + more program hours = more monitoring
prioritize crimnogenic needs
GPR and SPRG

80
Q

general response principle

A

match learning styles of prisones

81
Q

specific response principle

A

tailor rehab to prisoners brain in terms of different learning styles

82
Q
A
83
Q

inhibition

A

a lack of regulatory control over voluntary behaviour - immediate situation factors

84
Q

behaviour adaptation

A

innate nature gene approach - did defending honour increase reproductive success?

85
Q

examples of biological explanations for crime

A

twin studies, neurotransmitter, genome, brain imaging, diet, toxins, pregnancy, hormones, psychophysiology

86
Q

examples of evolutinary explanations for crime

A

conflict over resources, mating, offspring, life history, evolution of sexual coercion, frequency dependence selection, male to male competition, parental investment, mating effort

87
Q

Cesare Lombroso

A

father of criminology - distinctive physical features

88
Q

Charles Darwin

A

natural selection

89
Q

Galton

A

eugenics - discouraging reproduction of those who have bad traits

90
Q

What makes a strong theory

A

1) parsimonious
2) identifies.causal mechanisms, mediators, moderators,
3) is testable and falsifiable
4) based on empirical data and can be modified cus of new data
5) has interdisciplinary compatibility
6) respect to gender ethinicity culture etc

91
Q

twin studies

A

help examine genetics and seperate genetic and enviroment

92
Q

two types of adoption studies

A

parent-offspring
sibling-offspring

93
Q

parent-offspring adoption studies

A

correlations are compared between adopters/adoptees and biological parents and kids; if biological has higher correlation mean genetics contributes more

94
Q

sibling-offspring

A

concordance is compared of siblings vs adoptive siblings

95
Q

MAOA gene

A

breaks down neurotransmitters - seratonin, norepinephrine, dopamine
low activity or high is a result of polymorphism

96
Q

variance in antisocial behaviour

A

depends most on heritability, then on unshared enviroment and least on shared enviroment

97
Q

gene-crime link

A

not direct - certain factors that predispose you to crime (impulsivity)

98
Q

gene-enviroment link

A

low MAOA activity - prone to stressors = child maltreatment

99
Q

testosterone and aggreson

A

high levels of testosterone have been linked with being prone to aggresion and antisocial sttitudes

100
Q

neurotransmitter and crime

A

malfunctoning seratonin systems = impulsivity, irritability, and aggression

101
Q

which two theories support antisociality and low levels of autonomic arousal

A

1) fearlessness theory
2) stimulation-seeking theory

101
Q

stimulatoin seeking theory

A

some individuals have low arousal - seek stimulation and then they go express antisocial attitudes

101
Q

psychophysiology and crime

A
  • low ;levels of autonomic arousal and antisocially
    why?
101
Q

brain imaging and crime

A

functional and structural impairments to the frotnal lobe = antisocial attitudes

102
Q

fearlessness theory

A

some individuals do not experience much fear when stressed - antisocial

103
Q

other biological considerations

A
  • hypoglycemia - aggression
  • lead - criminal arrests
  • anabolic- androgenic steroid - increase aggression
  • drugs/alcohol - aggresoin
  • fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
104
Q

life history theory

A

argues that natural selection favours allocation strategies that, on average, optimize

105
Q

adaptive phenotypic plasticity

A

the ability of a genotype to express phenotypes for improved ecological performance when exposed to different local environments

106
Q

two life history pathways

A

short lifespand vs long life span

107
Q

short life span history pathway

A

when life is deemed short - our psych will lea us towards riskeier activities that are more likely to attract a mate

108
Q

long life span history pathway

A

prioritize future rewards and will take time to gather resources delay reproduction and prioritize parental investment

109
Q

preperation hypothesis

A

females have direct genital responses to any sexual activity as a protective measure to reduce infection and injurt during any sexual intercourse

110
Q

first line of evidence in support of psychopathy as an adaptive life history

A

mere existence of psychpathic life behaviour in the animal world

111
Q

second line of evidence in support of psychopathy as an adaptive life history

A

psychopathy is not a disfunction - manipulative traits can facilitate mating and resources

112
Q

homicide and cri,e

A

homicide prepetrators - responding to percieved reputational or status threats
may improve reproductive fitness = Genghis khan multiple wives

113
Q

provincial justice system

A
  • operated by ministry of corrections or justice
  • sentences < 2 years duration
  • short custody/ and or periods of probation
  • large number of remands - waiting for trial/hearing
    responsibility of province
114
Q

federal system

A
  • correctional service of canada - PA, halfway houses
  • 2 or more years duration including life sentences
  • mechanism of preventative detention and condition release - dangerous offender status
  • parole board of canada release decision making body
  • prisons and regional treatment facilities
  • contact sex offences
  • most people released after 2/3 of their sentence
115
Q

canada rate of crime

A

106/100,000 or 1/1000
100,000 in total
2/3 in custody and 1/3 in community

116
Q

What are the sources of counting crime

A
  • UCR - uniform crime reports
  • victimization surveys
  • self-report studies
117
Q

uniform crime reports

A
  • most commonly used measure of crime statistics
  • data sent in to canadian centre for justice statistics
  • criminal justice system acts a funnel
  • reported crime substantiated by police
  • information used by policy makers researchers
118
Q

Issues influencing accuracy of UCR

A

1) most serious offense MSO rule - violent offence takes precedence - most serious offence
2) multiple property crimes - only recorded as a single offense
3) police reporting issues - discretion involved - decisions are shaped by public perception and concerns

119
Q

When did crime peak

A

1992

120
Q

which crime is the most prominent in the sask

A

property crime

121
Q

when did the stability of crime start in canada

A

in the past 5 years

122
Q

roberry

A

early 2000 peaked dropped off the

123
Q

major assault

A

early 2000s peak - dropped off then peaked during 2016-2017

124
Q

homicide

A

very low - 1.8/2.0/100,000

125
Q

drug offences

A

relatively stable - cannabis dropped off during 2016

126
Q

breaking and entering

A

declined

127
Q

theft 5000>

A

declined

128
Q

shoplifting

A

decline

129
Q

what is most weighted on the crime severity index

A

murder of 1st and 2nd degree

130
Q

groups of CSU

A

group 1: murder, group two: manslaughter, group 3: disturbing peace

131
Q

difference between group 1 and group 2

A

intention

132
Q

general and violent crime severity index rate in prarie’s

A

decrease - uptick in late 2000’s - stabilize

133
Q

victimization survey results from 2019

A

1 in 5 canadians impacted by 1 of 8 categories of crime
most incidents nonviolent in nature (69%)

134
Q

incidents report rate

A

29% of all incidents reported police
only 6% of sexual assaults reported
50% of robbery, MV theft, B&E

135
Q

violent victimization reported by gener

A
  • 5 times the rate for women self reporting sexual assault
    robber, physical assault, total violent victimization = no difference
136
Q

self reported victimization by age group

A

younger people more impacted by crime

137
Q

victimization by province per 1000 canadians

A

saskatchewan has 200/1000 more household crime than violent
82/100 around national average

138
Q

steps of scientific investigation

A

1) formulating a hypothesis
2) selecting a method and designing the study
3) data collection
4) analyzing the results and drawing conclusions
5) reporting the finding

139
Q

hypothesis

A

an educated guess or testeable prediction made about the relationship between two or more variables

140
Q

variable

A

any events, conditions, behaviours, etc that are measures and controlled in a study

141
Q

research method

A

a set of empirical observations and measurements that are taken to examine the association among variables in study
- 5 basic research methods

142
Q

what is used to collect recidivism data

A

CPIC records

143
Q

data collection measurements

A

questionnaires, interviews, behavioural observations, psych tests, physiological measurements, archival records, collateral reports, and surveys

144
Q

descriptive analyses

A

set of numerical used to describe or summarize data

145
Q

examples of descriptive analyses

A

mean, median, mode, standard deviation - extend to which people differ

146
Q

inferential analyses

A

process of examining the inferences made about population parameters from sample statistics in order to evaluate the truth or falsity of your hypothesis

147
Q

examples of inferential statistics

A

correlation, t-test, ROC, regression, ANOVA

148
Q

univariant statistics

A

single dependent variable

149
Q

multivariant statistics

A

multiple dependent variables

150
Q

percent different in convictions is significant if

A

p < .05

151
Q

basic research methods

A

experimental, correlational, case study, survey, naturalistic observation, meta analysis

152
Q

experimental design

A

looking for causes
two or more conditions
independent variables are manipulated
predictable change in another variable
random assignment
confounding variable

153
Q

advantages of experimental design

A

cause and effect
random assignment

154
Q

disadvantages of experimental design

A

may not be generalizable
cannot answer all problems/questions
confounding variable
artificiality

155
Q

confounding variable

A

variable other than IV that unless controlled can influence DV - controlled in set up statistics

156
Q

artificiality

A

the more control you have or a really sheltered lab enviromentally can create a limit to it’s implications

157
Q

correlational (regression) design

A

examining without manipulation the relationship between two variables

158
Q

correlation

A

to obtain a statistic expressing the degree of relationship between 2 variables

159
Q

regression

A

to allow prediction of one variable (criterion variable) on the basis of knowledge about another variable

160
Q

predictor variable

A

variable from which the prediction is made

161
Q

criterion variable

A

variable to be predicted

162
Q

advantages of correlational design

A

estimate the direction of a relationship without manipulating any variable
used to research variables that cannot be manipulated

163
Q

disadvantages of correlational design

A

cannot establish cause and effect

164
Q

case study

A

in depth investigation focusing on a single individual

165
Q

examples of case study

A

interview, observation, examination of records, and psych testing

166
Q

advantages of case study

A

permit detailed examination

167
Q

disadvantages of case study

A

may not be generalizable
may be subjective
mercy at the person’s perspective

168
Q

survey

A

administering questionnair or structured interview designed to gather info about specific aspects of a participant’s behaviour

169
Q

advantages of a survey

A

can obtain large and repersentative samples
quick and easy
can gather info on behaviours that are difficult to observe

170
Q

disadvantages of a survey

A

may not fill out survey
may not understand questions
data might be unreliable
no random sampling

171
Q

naturalistic observation

A

objectively obserce, in a systematic and non interfering manner the behaviour of a group of individuals within their natural enviroment

172
Q

participant observation

A

researcher joins, without interfering in with the activities of the individual or group being observed

173
Q

advantages of a naturalistic observation

A

could be a starting point
minimizes artificiality

174
Q

disadvantages of naturalistic observation

A

lack of control over variables
prone to bias and distortion
can be difficult to remain unobtrusive

175
Q

meta analysis

A

a collecton of stydies about a phenomenon are combined quantitatively to generate an aggregate finding termed an effect size

176
Q

advantages of meta anaylsis

A

excellent way to synthesize large number of research results
effect sizes efficient and informative statistic
rigorous

177
Q

mean

A

the arthimetic average of a group of scores

177
Q

area under the curve

A

index of predictive accuracy of binary events

177
Q

disadvantages of meta analysis

A

quality of studies comes from studies
research judgement in coding and aggregating effect sizes

178
Q

t test for independent means

A

comparing the means from two separate groups of participants

179
Q

f-test (analysis of variance)

A

similar to t-test for multiple IVs and or/multiple levels of an IV (culture of honour)

180
Q

correlation

A

the manner in which 2 phenomena are statistically (usually linearly) associated

181
Q

2 types of t-tests

A

between subjects design (independent mean comparison)
within subject design (dependent mean comparison)

182
Q

between subjects design (independent mean comparison)

A

comparing the averages of two completely seperate groups/variables (psychopathic vs non psychopathic)

183
Q

within subject design (dependent mean comparison)

A

general subject group mean comparison - comparing the risk score on a dynamic measure at pretreatment and post treatment

184
Q

pearson correlation

A

a mathematical index of the strength of the association between two variables

185
Q

point biserial

A

one variable continous (PCL score range) and one binary variable ( reoffend yes or no)

186
Q

phi correlation

A

two binary variables

187
Q

ROC Curve Analysis

A

Percent probability of a radonmly selected reoffender will reoffend compared to a randomly selected non reoffender -

188
Q

small effect size

A

0.56

189
Q

medium effect size

A

0.64

190
Q

large effect size

A

0.71

Psych 230 (5 decks)

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