Chapter 1 & 2 Flashcards
Erikson is …
psychosocial
Freud stages
- Oral: Gratifcation deprives from oral activies, sucking on binky
- Fixation leads to dependence, depression, & gullibility (0-1) - Anal: Gratifcation deprives from controlling bladder, potty training
- Fixation leads to ocd, neatness, or sloppiness (1-3) - Phallic: Gratifcation deprives from genitals
- Fixation leads to vanity, in love with oneself but empty (3-6) - Latent: Gratifcation and sexual impulses are repressed, and sexual energy can be sublimated towards school work, hobbies, and friendships
-Fixation leads to immaturity and an inability to form fulfilling relationships as an adult (6-12) - Genital: Gratifcation deprives from sexual intercourse
-Final stage, the person seeks ways of satisfying sexual impulses in dyadic relationships, and aggressive impulses through competition, physically demanding activities, exercise, and argumentation (12+)
Freud believed …
That being unsatisfied at any particular stage can result in fixation. (They get stuck in that stage and it shows up later in life) On the other hand, being satisfied can result in a healthy personality.
- Focused on childerns personality and emotional development
Erikson stages
1.Trust vs. Mistrust: Task is to trust the key caregivers primarily mother and the environment (0 -1)
2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt: Task is to gain the desire to make choices and self-control with ones behavior so choices can happen (1-3)
3. Initiative vs. Guilt: Task is to add initiative, planning and attempting, becoming proactive (3 - 6)
4. Industry vs. Inferiority: Task is to become absorbed in development and implementation of skills ( 6- 12)
5. Identity vs. Role Confusion: Task is to associate ones skills with with social roles and develop a career path, sense of who one is and what they believe in (12 - 18)
6. Intimacy vs. Isolation: Task is to commit oneself to to another and engage in mature sexual love (18 - 40)
Stage 7: Generativity vs. Stagnation: Task is to appreciate the opportunity to give back (40 - 65)
Stage 8: Ego Integrity vs. Despair: Task is to achieve wisdom and dignity in physical ability, accepting the time and place of one’s own cycle of life (65+)
Erikson believed …
Emphasized social relations and physical maturation in his Psychosocial Development. Know the names and the desired goal of Eriksons stages
Positive reinforcement
A process that strengthens the likelihood of a particular response by ADDING a stimulus after the behavior is performed
Example: Giving kid a candybar for cleaning their room
Negative reinforcement
A process that strengthens the likelihood of a particular response, but by REMOVING an undesirable consequence
Example: Taking away a chore because a kid cleaned their room
BF Skinner
Responsible for reinforcement,
Introduced the concept of reinforcement into behaviorism
Vygotsky
Believes that a child’s interaction with adults organize the child’s learning experiences
- Focused on parents/environment with children
Piaget
- Believed the learning process involves assimilation and accommodation
- Known for developing the Cognitive-Development theory. Presented the idea of adaptation and assimilation.
- Interested in childerns wrong answers
- Focused on how childern form concepts or mental representations of the world, and how they work with concepts to plan changes in the external world.
Assimilation
Attempting to interpret new information within the framework of existing knowledge
Accommodation
Making small changes to that knowledge in order to cope with things that don’t fit those existing frameworks
Conditioned stimulus
Learned
A stimulus that elicits a response after repeatedly being paired with an unconditional stimulus
Unconditioned stimulus
Natural
Naturally triggers a response
Ex: Smell food and crave it
A stimulus that elicits (brings on) a reflexive (automatic) response
Classical conditioning
two stimuli are repeatedly paired: a response which is at first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone.
Operant conditioning
A method of learning that gives rewards and punishments for behavior
- A type of learning in which an individual’s behaviour is modified by its consequences or the response the behaviour gets
Chromosones
Male XY
Female XX
Father determines sex of baby
46, 23 pairs in each cell
23 from mom, 23 from dad
Monozygotic twins
Identical twins
Derived from a single zygote that has split in two
Dizygotic twins
Fraternal
Derived from two zygotes
– Share 50% of genetic material
Genetics
The study of heredity
Heredity
What you inherited from your parents
Physical and mental characteristics passed down through genes
PKU
Phenylketonuria, Genetic Abnormality causing amino acids to build up in the body can lead to brain damage, intellectual disabilities, behavioral symptoms, or seizures
Gregor Mendel
Established the laws of heredity,
Discovered that the dominant was over the dwarf with pea plants
Law of dominance, dominate allele paired with recessive allele
Sandra Scarr
Correlation between genes and environmental influences
3 types:
1. Active correlation
2. Passive correlation
3. Evocative correlation
Piaget’s schemes
- Sensorimotor: Child develops the concept of objects and basics of language (0–2)
- Preoperational: Child begins to represent world mentally but is egocentric (2–7)
- Concrete operational: Logical mental operations, can adopt others views (7–12)
- Formal operational: Mature thinking with logic, trial and error, and abstract thought (12+)
John B. Watson
- Saw children as blank slates that are written on by experience
- Father of behaviorism
Development
Develops over time in a way it progresses as it goes along
Genotype
- -The sets of traits that we inherit from our parents
The genetic code in your DNA
-refers to the pairs of alleles
Phenotype
- Our actual sets of traits
What is expressed from your genotype
-refers to the expression of the trait
Carrier
If you have a dominate and a recessive gene you are a carrier
Evocative genetic- environmental correlation
The childs genotype is connected with behaviors that evoke, or elicit, certain kinds of responses from others (Teachers smile more at introverted kids and snap more at high energy kids)
Active genetic- environmental correlation
The child taking an active, conscious role in choosing or creating their environment (Choosing to join a sports team, friends with the same hobbies/interests)
Passive genetic- environmental correlation
The children have no choice in the matter, (automatically passed down from parents)
Meiosis
Sex cells, form of cell division where chromosomes split 23 leave, so there is half the dna
Mitosis
Rest of cells, form of cell division where 2 of the same cell
